AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 9

Dysfunction

A disruption or impairment in the proper functioning of a system or individual.

Distress

A state of emotional or mental suffering, often indicating a problem.

Deviation from social norms

Behavior that diverges from societal expectations and standards.

Stigma

A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders

A comprehensive classification system for mental disorders, used primarily in the United States.

International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)

A global standard for diagnostic health information, inclusive of mental disorders.

Biopsychosocial model

A holistic approach to understanding health and illness through biological, psychological, and social factors.

Diathesis-stress model

A psychological theory that explains behavior as a predisposition together with stress from the environment.

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior.

Schizophrenic spectrum disorders

A group of disorders marked by psychosis, hallucinations, and impaired functioning.

Delusions (paranoid and grandiose)

False beliefs; paranoid delusions involve fear of persecution while grandiose delusions involve an inflated sense of self-importance.

Hallucinations

Sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus, often associated with mental health disorders.

Disorganized thinking or speech (word salad)

A symptom of mental illness where thoughts and speech become incoherent and nonsensical.

Catatonic excitement or stupor

Extreme agitation or lack of movement, often seen in severe mental disorders.

Flat affect

A lack of emotional expressiveness, often observed in individuals with certain psychological conditions.

Depressive disorders (primary symptoms)

Mood disorders characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss, or hopelessness.

Major depressive disorder

A severe form of depression that significantly impairs daily functioning.

Persistent depressive disorder

A chronic form of depression with symptoms persisting for two years or more.

Bipolar disorders (know I and II)

Mood disorders characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania (Type I) or hypomania (Type II).

Manic episodes vs hypomanic episodes

Manic episodes involve extreme mood swings and high energy, while hypomanic episodes are milder and less severe.

Anxiety disorders

Mental health disorders characterized by excessive fear or anxiety.

Specific phobia (exs: acrophobia and arachnophobia)

Intense fear of specific objects or situations, such as heights (acrophobia) or spiders (arachnophobia).

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder marked by the fear of places or situations where escape might be difficult.

Panic disorder (know what an attack is too)

Characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden periods of intense fear.

Ataque de nervios

A cultural syndrome of intense emotional distress and chaos, often seen in certain cultural contexts.

Social anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear of social situations and being scrutinized by others.

Taijin kyofusho

A culturally specific form of social anxiety disorder prevalent in Japan, involving fear of offending others.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A chronic disorder characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life.

OCD

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions).

Obsession vs. compulsion

An obsession is a persistent thought, while a compulsion is a repetitive behavior performed to reduce anxiety.

Hoarding disorder

A psychological condition where individuals have difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter.

Dissociative disorders (know what “dissociation” means too)

Mental disorders characterized by a disconnection between thoughts, memory, and identity, usually in response to trauma.

Dissociative identity disorder

A disorder where a person has two or more distinct identities or personality states.

Dissociative amnesia (with and without fugue)

Memory loss regarding personal information, which can range from a specific event to one's entire identity.

Hypervigilance (general vocab word)

An enhanced states of awareness; often a symptom of PTSD.

Posttraumatic stress disorder/PTSD

A mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and severe restriction of food intake.

Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain.

Personality disorders

A category of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience.

Cluster A: Odd or eccentric

A grouping of personality disorders characterized by odd, quirky behavior.

Paranoid PD

A personality disorder marked by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others.

Schizoid PD

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.

Schizotypal PD

A personality disorder characterized by eccentric behavior and difficulty forming close relationships.

Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, or erratic

A grouping of personality disorders characterized by emotional instability and dramatic behaviors.

Antisocial PD

A personality disorder characterized by disregard for others' rights and lack of remorse.

Histrionic PD

A personality disorder marked by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.

Narcissistic PD

A personality disorder characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Borderline PD

A personality disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions.

Cluster C: Anxious or fearful

A grouping of personality disorders characterized by anxiety and fearfulness.

Avoidant PD

A personality disorder characterized by extreme shyness and fear of rejection.

Dependent PD

A personality disorder characterized by pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of.

Obsessive-compulsive PD

A personality disorder characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.