Hydration and Homeostasis pt 2 (study alongside notes)

FVD is also known as __________.

dehydration

It occurs when fluid __________ exceeds fluid __________.

loss; intake

Common causes include vomiting, __________, diuretics, or hemorrhage.

diarrhea

A client with FVD may present with __________ blood pressure, __________ heart rate, and __________ skin turgor. They may also have dry __________ and mucous membranes, __________ urine output, and experience confusion or __________ in older adults.

low; increased; poor; tongue; dizziness

FVE is also called fluid __________ or volume __________. It occurs when fluid __________ exceeds fluid __________.

overload; excess; intake; output

It occurs when fluid __________ exceeds fluid __________.

intake; output

Common causes include renal failure, heart failure, and excessive __________ administration.

IV fluid

A client with FVE may present with __________ neck veins (JVD), __________ blood pressure, and __________ edema. They may also have __________ lung sounds or crackles, experience shortness of __________, and show __________ weight gain.

distended; increased; pitting; adventitious; breath; rapid

Hyponatremia can cause __________, confusion, and __________ seizures.

confusion; possible

Hypernatremia causes __________ thirst, dry mucous membranes, and __________ weakness.

extreme; muscle

Hypokalemia causes muscle __________, leg cramps, and potentially __________ arrhythmias.

weakness; cardiac

Hyperkalemia may lead to __________ weakness, dysrhythmias, or even __________ arrest.

muscle; cardiac

Hypocalcemia causes __________, muscle spasms, and positive __________ and __________ signs.

tetany; Chvostek’s; Trousseau’s

Hypercalcemia leads to __________ reflexes, bone pain, and __________ output.

decreased; increased urine

Hypomagnesemia may cause muscle __________, tremors, and __________ excitability.

twitching; neuromuscular

Hypermagnesemia causes __________ reflexes, __________ BP, and respiratory __________.

decreased; low; depression

Calcium is important for __________ health, __________ transmission, __________ function, and __________ contraction.

bone; nerve; cardiac; muscle

Calcium insufficiency can lead to __________.

osteoporosis

Good dietary sources include __________, __________, __________, and __________.

dairy; sardines; whole grains; leafy greens

Magnesium is found in the __________ and __________ and supports many __________ functions such as muscle contraction, metabolism, and neuromuscular excitability.

ICF; bone; cellular

__________ can lead to low magnesium levels.

Alcoholism

Dietary sources include __________, __________, __________, and __________.

almonds; nuts; cooked spinach; soy

Hyponatremia treatment: Provide __________ replacement as ordered, but Na⁺ should not be increased by more than __________ mEq in 24 hours.

sodium; 12

For hypernatremia, provide __________ restriction, administer __________ IV solutions, and possibly give __________ to help excrete sodium.

water; hypotonic; diuretics

Hypokalemia treatment: Provide __________ or __________ potassium replacement (never IV __________), cardiac __________, and encourage __________-rich foods.

IV; PO; push; monitoring; potassium

Hyperkalemia treatment: Administer __________ gluconate, __________, __________ (Kayexalate), or possible __________; avoid __________-rich foods.

calcium; insulin; Kayexalate; dialysis; potassium

Hypocalcemia treatment: Give __________ or __________ supplements, implement __________ precautions, and increase __________ in the diet.

oral; IV; seizure; calcium

Hypercalcemia treatment: Avoid __________ antacids, increase __________ and __________, consider __________, and prevent __________.

calcium; fluids; diuretics; dialysis; fractures

Hypomagnesemia treatment: Administer __________ or __________ Mg supplements and increase Mg in the __________.

PO; IV; diet

Hypermagnesemia treatment: Give __________, stop Mg-containing __________, start __________ IV fluids, use __________, and monitor __________.

diuretics; antacids; IV; fluids; DTRs

A loss of extracellular fluid and electrolytes is called ____________.

hypovolemia

A loss of water alone, with increased solute concentration, is known as ____________.

dehydration

One symptom of dehydration is ____________ skin and ____________ mucous membranes.

dry; dry

A client with dehydration may have ____________ skin turgor.

decreased; decreased / hypotension

Dehydration often leads to ____________ urine output and ____________ blood pressure.

increase; weak

Dehydration causes an ____________ in heart rate (tachycardia) and a ____________ pulse.

Laboratory signs of dehydration include elevated ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________.

BUN; Creatinine; Hematocrit (HCT); urine specific gravity

Treatment for dehydration includes ____________ and ____________ fluid (isotonic) replacement.

oral; IV

Excessive retention of sodium and water is called ____________.

hypervolemia

Clients with hypervolemia often have elevated ____________, a ____________ pulse, and ____________.

blood pressure; bounding; JVD / jugular vein distention

The skin in fluid volume excess is often ____________ and ____________.

pale; cool

Signs of fluid overload include ____________, ____________, and ____________.

edema; ascites; crackles or dyspnea

Weight change in hypervolemia usually shows ____________.

weight gain

Hemodilution in hypervolemia causes ____________, ____________, and ____________ to decrease.

BUN; HCT; urine specific gravity)

Treatment for hypervolemia includes restricting ____________ and ____________, and possibly using ____________.

sodium; fluids; diuretics

When assessing fluid balance, always check vital signs, / membranes, weight, and ____________ sounds.

oral; mucous; lung

Neurological, cardiovascular (__________, ____________), and skin color/temperature assessments are part of fluid evaluation.

pulses; JVD

The most accurate indicator of fluid balance is ____________ ____________.

daily weight

Intake includes ____________, ____________ tube, ____________ feeding, and ____________ fluids.

oral; NG; jejunostomy; IV

Output includes ____________, ____________, ____________, ____________ suction, ____________, and wound/tube drainage.

urine; diarrhea; vomitus; gastric; blood

Key labs for fluid balance include electrolytes, ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________ ____________ ____________.

CBC; hematocrit; creatinine; blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Urine and serum tests include urine ____________, serum ____________, and urine ____________.

specific gravity; osmolality; osmolality

A loss of extracellular fluid and electrolytes is called ____________.

hypovolemia.

A loss of water alone, with increased solute concentration, is known as ____________.

dehydration

A client with dehydration may have ____________ skin turgor.

non-elastic

Dehydration often leads to ____________ urine output and ____________ blood pressure.

Decreased; decreased (hypotension)

Dehydration causes an ____________ in heart rate (tachycardia) and a ____________ pulse.

Increase; weak

Laboratory signs of dehydration include elevated ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________.

BUN; Creatinine; Hematocrit (HCT); urine specific gravity

Treatment for dehydration includes ____________ and ____________ fluid (isotonic) replacement.

Oral; IV