Bio Exam 4

Law of independent assortment

Says that all parents will produce every possible gamete

Incomplete dominance

when the dominant allele doesnt completely mask the recessive allele

Multiple alleles

When 3+ alleles control a gene

Codominance

When there are two dominant alleles, when they are together they both show their traits in full

Pleotrophy

A gene at one gene locus affects more than one trait

Epistasis

A gene at one locus affects the expression at another locus

A allele has antibodies for B blood markers

dominant

B blood has antibodies for A blood markers

dominant

O blood has no markers

Has antibodies for A and B blood markers

Agglutination

Antibodies snap together blood they dont recognize, which clogs up and can kill you

AB blood

universal recipient

OO Blood

universal donor

Humans have how many pairs of autosomes

22 pairs (44 total)

How many sex chromosomes do we have?

1 pair of sex chromosomes, 2 total, which can come in x or y

For a girl to be defective for a gene in the sex chromosomes, what does she need to have?

she needs to have both of her x chromosomes defective

Most disorders are what

recessive, the good x cancels out the bad X

For a guy to be defective for a gene in the sex chromosomes what does he need?

One defective X

Hemophilia

genetic defect where you lack a gene to make Factor 8, a protein that clots blood

Anaploid

where there is an abnormal number of chromosomes

Nondisjunction

When chromosomes arent split during Meiosis, so you lose or gain an entire set of chromosomes

Trisomy

When you have three copies of a chromosome instead of two -called 2n+1

Down syndrome- Trisomy 21

Discovered by Jonathan Longdown, People are short, have a round face, congenital heart defects, mid-severe mental retardation, Epicentric skinfold, least severe of disorders

Edwards syndrome- Trisomy 18

Super severe/Happens 1/8000 live births, severe deformity, low ears, cleft palate, webbed neck, severe mental retardation, receding chin, internal organ defects, typically only survive a few weeks

Patellis Syndrome- Trisomy 13

1/20000 live births, involves a cleft palate and lip, malformed eyes, development and organ defects, polydactyly (too many fingers and toes)

Klinefelter Syndrome- 1/1000 males

XXY sex chromosomes, phenotypically a male, but sterile, taller than average, willowy, may develop small breasts at puberty, rarely go bald

Trisomy X

XXX sex chromosomes, phenotypically normal women reproduce

Supermale Syndrome

XYY, Taller than average (6’2 min height), severe achne, lower IQ

Monosomics- Turner syndrome

1/2000 females, XO sex chromosomes, meaining they just have one X, Mathematically 2n-1, phenotypically women, but sterile, and dont develop sex organs at puberty

Cre du chat syndrome

missing part of chromosome 5, people have small, pointed heads, malformed larix/voice box, misshapen ears, and mental to severe retardation

who was the father of modern genetics

Gregor Mendel

Pea Plant characteristics

Pea plants are diploid, they are capable of both self-fertilization and cross fertilization, they are pure breeding plants

Filament

one of the parts of the staman, long stalk like structure

Anther

One of the parts of the staman, on top of filament, holds the polen

Staman

male section of the flower, made of two main parts

Ovary

Female part, thing at the bottom that turns into a fruit if it gets fertilized

Stigma

Female part, round thing on top. When pollen hits here, a tube to the ovary opens up

Style

Female part, the stalk between the ovary and the stigma

Who made the one gene one enzyme hypothesis

Archbaid Garrod

Who created the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis

G. beadle and E tatum

2 stages to get information in your DNA into a polypeptide

Transcription, Translation

What links Transcription and translation

RNA

what are the building blocks of nucleic acids

nucleotides

what are the building blocks of polypeptides

amino acid

(3) components of a DNA nucleotide

Consist of Po4 group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose) N containing base

(3) componets of a RNA nucleotide

Po4 group, pentose sugar (in base), N containing base

3 nucleotide sequences

codons

Where does translation occur

ribosome

Transfer RNA

transfers amino acids from cytosol to ribosome

tRNA

single stranded, 80 nuclotides long, 4 hydrogen bonding reigons, 3 major loops, amino acid carried by 3 end of TRNA, anti-codon