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Law of independent assortment
Says that all parents will produce every possible gamete
Incomplete dominance
when the dominant allele doesnt completely mask the recessive allele
Multiple alleles
When 3+ alleles control a gene
Codominance
When there are two dominant alleles, when they are together they both show their traits in full
Pleotrophy
A gene at one gene locus affects more than one trait
Epistasis
A gene at one locus affects the expression at another locus
A allele has antibodies for B blood markers
dominant
B blood has antibodies for A blood markers
dominant
O blood has no markers
Has antibodies for A and B blood markers
Agglutination
Antibodies snap together blood they dont recognize, which clogs up and can kill you
AB blood
universal recipient
OO Blood
universal donor
Humans have how many pairs of autosomes
22 pairs (44 total)
How many sex chromosomes do we have?
1 pair of sex chromosomes, 2 total, which can come in x or y
For a girl to be defective for a gene in the sex chromosomes, what does she need to have?
she needs to have both of her x chromosomes defective
Most disorders are what
recessive, the good x cancels out the bad X
For a guy to be defective for a gene in the sex chromosomes what does he need?
One defective X
Hemophilia
genetic defect where you lack a gene to make Factor 8, a protein that clots blood
Anaploid
where there is an abnormal number of chromosomes
Nondisjunction
When chromosomes arent split during Meiosis, so you lose or gain an entire set of chromosomes
Trisomy
When you have three copies of a chromosome instead of two -called 2n+1
Down syndrome- Trisomy 21
Discovered by Jonathan Longdown, People are short, have a round face, congenital heart defects, mid-severe mental retardation, Epicentric skinfold, least severe of disorders
Edwards syndrome- Trisomy 18
Super severe/Happens 1/8000 live births, severe deformity, low ears, cleft palate, webbed neck, severe mental retardation, receding chin, internal organ defects, typically only survive a few weeks
Patellis Syndrome- Trisomy 13
1/20000 live births, involves a cleft palate and lip, malformed eyes, development and organ defects, polydactyly (too many fingers and toes)
Klinefelter Syndrome- 1/1000 males
XXY sex chromosomes, phenotypically a male, but sterile, taller than average, willowy, may develop small breasts at puberty, rarely go bald
Trisomy X
XXX sex chromosomes, phenotypically normal women reproduce
Supermale Syndrome
XYY, Taller than average (6’2 min height), severe achne, lower IQ
Monosomics- Turner syndrome
1/2000 females, XO sex chromosomes, meaining they just have one X, Mathematically 2n-1, phenotypically women, but sterile, and dont develop sex organs at puberty
Cre du chat syndrome
missing part of chromosome 5, people have small, pointed heads, malformed larix/voice box, misshapen ears, and mental to severe retardation
who was the father of modern genetics
Gregor Mendel
Pea Plant characteristics
Pea plants are diploid, they are capable of both self-fertilization and cross fertilization, they are pure breeding plants
Filament
one of the parts of the staman, long stalk like structure
Anther
One of the parts of the staman, on top of filament, holds the polen
Staman
male section of the flower, made of two main parts
Ovary
Female part, thing at the bottom that turns into a fruit if it gets fertilized
Stigma
Female part, round thing on top. When pollen hits here, a tube to the ovary opens up
Style
Female part, the stalk between the ovary and the stigma
Who made the one gene one enzyme hypothesis
Archbaid Garrod
Who created the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis
G. beadle and E tatum
2 stages to get information in your DNA into a polypeptide
Transcription, Translation
What links Transcription and translation
RNA
what are the building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
what are the building blocks of polypeptides
amino acid
(3) components of a DNA nucleotide
Consist of Po4 group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose) N containing base
(3) componets of a RNA nucleotide
Po4 group, pentose sugar (in base), N containing base
3 nucleotide sequences
codons
Where does translation occur
ribosome
Transfer RNA
transfers amino acids from cytosol to ribosome
tRNA
single stranded, 80 nuclotides long, 4 hydrogen bonding reigons, 3 major loops, amino acid carried by 3 end of TRNA, anti-codon
