APUSH UNIT 2 Vocab

John Cabot

led the English expedition in 1497 and discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland

Joint-stock companies

defined by who owns a partnership, 2-4 people collectively own part of the company, buty legally own the company directly

Corporate colonies

were operated by joint-stock companies during Jamestown’s earliest years

ex: Jamestown

Royal colonies

were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king’s government

ex: Virginia after 1624

Propreitary colonies

were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

ex: Maryland and Pennsylvania

Virginia company

a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607

Captain John Smith

led Jamestown during a time of struggle and Jamestown was able to survive for the first five years.

John Rolfe

helped to save Jamestown, and in 1612 he perfected the growth of tobacco in Jamestown. Married to Pocahontas.

Pocahontas

wife of John Rolfe, and she helped save Captain John Smith’s life between the Powhatan and the English.

Separatists

wanted to organize a completely separate Church that was independent of royal control.

Pilgrims

religious travelers; separatists who left England for Holland in search of religious freedom.

Mayflower

in 1620, a small group of Pilgrims set sail to Virginia including people who had economic motives. this hard voyage lasted for 65 days and when they arrived to North America, they established a new colony at Plymouth instead of going to Virginia

Puritans

believed that the Church of England could be reformed, or purified. They got persecuted and numbers increased when King Charles I became king in 1625, resulting the Puritans to seek religious freedom and got a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

John Winthrop

In 1630, he led a thousand Puritans, and sailed for Massachusetts and founded Boston

Great Migration

religious and political conflict conflict in England in the 1630s, driving some 15000 settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

implemented his father’s plan in 1634 to provide a haven for his fellow Catholics, who faced persecution from Protestants in Britain.

Act of Toleration

In 1649, Cecil Calvert persuaded the Maryland’s assembly, which the majority were Protestant farmers, to adopt the act, becoming the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians since they were getting persecuted. However, it called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

Roger Williams

a respected Puritan minister who moved from England to Boston in 1631, in which his beliefs didn’t align with the Puritans, resulting in banishment. Him and a few followers founded Providence, RI in 1636, in which he started one of the first Baptist churches in America.

Providence, RI

founded by Roger Williams and a few followers in 1636 in which they founded one of the first Baptist churches in America.

Anne Hutchinson

questioned the doctrines of the Puritans and believed in antinomianism. She founded Portsmouth with her followers in 1638

antinomianism

the idea that since individuals receive salvation through their faith alone, they were not required to follow traditional moral laws

Rhode Island

In 1644, Roger Williams was granted a charter from the Parliament that joined Providence and Portsmouth in one colony, serving as a place for refugees for religious tolerance.

Thomas Hooker

led a large group of Boston Puritans into the valley and founded Hartford in 1636

Fundamental Order of Connecticut

in 1639, the Hartford settlers wrote the first written constitution in America history, establishing a representative government with a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature.

John Davenport

in 1637, he created the second settlement in the Connecticut Valley, naming it New Haven

New Hampshire

last New England colony to be founded in 1679, with King Charles II separating New Hampshire from Massachusetts Bay Colony and making it a royal colony, subject to the authority of an appointed governor

Halfway Covenant

offered by some clergy so that people could become partial members even if they hadn’t felt a conversion to become a Puritan. They did this because to be a full member of a Puritan congregation, individuals needed to have a confirmed religious experience, a conversation, and to increase church attendance resulting in strict Puritan practices weakening.

rice-growing plantations

By the middle of the 18th century, South Carolina’s plantations were worked by enslaved Africans, resembled the economy and culture of the West Indies

Tobacco farms

Due to North Carolina having few good harbors and poor transportation, it developed few large plantations and little reliance on slavery. Attracted farmers from Virginia and New England and they established these small, self-sufficient farms

the Carolinas

As a reward for helping him gain the throne, Charles II granted a huge tract of land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to eight nobles. In 1663, these nobles became the lord proprietors of the Carolinas. In 1729, two royal colonies, South Carolina and North Carolina, were formed from the original grant.

New York

Charles II sought to consolidate Atlantic coast holdings and close the gap between New England and Chesapeake colonies. In 1644, he granted James II lands between Connecticut and Delaware Bay, took control, and granted Dutch settlers freedom of worship and language. In 1683, James did yield by allowing the Dutch governor to grant broad civil and political rights, including a representative assembly.

Chesapeake colonies

consists of Virginia and Maryland. population is mostly Anglican Englishmen. Economy is driven by cash crops such as tobacco.

New Jersey

In 1664, James II split New York and gave the section between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. To attract settlers, both made generous land officers and allowed religious freedom and an assembly, which sold their interests to the Quakers. Land titles kept changing, so to settle matters, the crown decided in 1702 to combine the two sections into a single royal colony.

Pennsylvania

founded by William Penn in 1681, and was known as Penn’s woods. When he died, he gave it to his son William Penn, who was a Quaker. He hoped that his colony would provide a religious refugee for Quakers and other persecuted people as well as generate income and profits for himself.

William Penn

son of William Penn, he is a Quaker that wanted to make his colony a religious refugee for Quakers and other persecuted people. Supervised of Philadelphia to plan a grid pattern of streets and attempted to treat American Indians fairly and to not cheat them when purchasing land. Attracted settlers by hiring agents and published notices throughout Europe promising political and religious freedom and generous land terms.

Quakers

considered radical by most people in Britain and the colonies due to their beliefs that religious authority was found within each person and not in the Bible nor in any outside source, rejecting violence, and resisting military service. Although it was supported equally by men and women, it challenged the authority so they got persecuted and jailed in England.

Frame of Government

written in 1682-1683 by William Penn, it guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners, and a written constitution, the Charter of Liberties (1701).

Charter of Liberties

written in 1701 by William Penn for the Frame of Government, the constitution guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration.

Holy Experiment

name given by William Penn to attempt to establish a community in Pennsylvania that would practice his Quaker ideas and was the first colony that provide freedom for all religions

Delaware

In 1702, Penn granted the lower three counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, this became a separate colony.

Georgia

In 1732, this became the 13th and last British colony. This was established to create a defensive buffer to protect South Carolina plantations from the Spanish Florida and want a place to send thousands of people in England imprisoned for debt, relieving the overcrowded jails and provide a chance for people to start life over. Governed by James Olgethorpe, but failed, so British took over, and in 1776, this was the smallest of the 13 colonies that rebelled against the British.

James Oglethorpe

led a group of philanthropists and founded Savannah in 1733. Became the colony’s first governor and wanted the colony to thrive by implementing strict regulations on slavery and rum. However, the colony didn’t prosper because of the constant threat of Spanish attack, so Oglethorpe’s group gave up in 1752 and Georgia was taken over by the British.

Virginia House of Burgesses

In 1619, Virginia’s colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, and it was dominated by elite planters. Made because the Virginia Company encouraged settlement by guaranteeing to settlers the same rights as residents of England had, including representation in lawmaking.

Mayflower Compact

Sailing in the Mayflower in 1620, the Pilgrims drew up and signed a document in which they pledge to make decisions by the will of the majority. Early form of self-government and a rudimentary written constitution.

Triangular trade

a three-part route that connected North America, Africa, and Europe. New England carried rum to Africa for hundreds of captive Africans. The Africans that survived the voyage would be traded in the West Indies for sugarcane. Finally, the sugarcane would be returned to a New England port where the sugar would be sold to be made into rum.

Plymouth Colony

established by the Pilgrims because they didn’t want to go to Virginia, which is operated by the Virginia Company. There, they faced harsh winters, but the local American Indians helped them adapt to the land. Also, they celebrated a good harvest at a Thanksgiving feast in 1621. Economy was based off of fish, furs, and lumber.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

To avoid persecution from the Church of England, a group of Puritans gained a royal charter for their colony.

Connecticut

In 1665, New Haven joined with Hartford to form this colony. The charter for this colony granted it a limited degree of self-government, including election of the governor.

Mercantilism

the economic theory that a country’s wealth was determined by how much more it exported than it imported. goal is to enrich the parent country by providing raw materials to the parent country to promote that country’s industries.

Navigation Acts

implemented between 1650-1673, it established three rules for colonial trade:

• trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, operated only by English or colonial crews

• All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, had to pass through ports in England

• Specified or “enumerated” goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original “enumerated” good, but over the years, the list was greatly expanded.

Dominion of New England

King James II was determined to increase royal control over the colonies by combining them into larger administrative units and doing away with representative assemblies. By 1685, he combined New York, New Jersey, and the various New England colonies into one.

Sir Edmund Andros

sent from England to serve as governor of the dominion. Made himself instantly unpopular by levying taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles

Glorious Revolution

an uprising that happened in 1688 deposing James II due to his policies and replacing him with William and Mary

New England Confederation

In 1643, four New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Connecticut, and New Haven) formed a military alliance. Directed by a board composed of two representatives from each colony, having limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with American Indians. Lasted until 1684, due colonial rivalries and renewed control by the English monarch.

Wampanoag

a Native American tribe in New England. Chief leader is Metacom.

Metacom

known to the colonists as King Philip, he’s the chief of the Wampanoag, and united many tribes in southern New England.

King Philip’s War

tribes such as the Mohegans and the Pequots supported the colonists because of their long-standing rivalry with the Wampanoag. Several villages burned to the ground, hundreds of people were killed, and thousands of people were injured Eventually, the colonial forces and their Indian allies prevailed, killing Metacom and ending most American Indian resistance in New England

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia that used dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the largest planters. He antagonized small farmers on Virginia’s western frontier because he failed to protect them from Indian attacks

Bacon’s Rebellion

led by Nathaniel Bacon, who seized upon the grievances of the western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkeley’s government. In 1676, he got an army of volunteers and conducted a series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages, including some who had friendly relationships with the colonial government. Bacon’s army defeated the governor’s forces and burned the Jamestown settlement. Soon, Bacon died and and Governor Berkeley was restored. However, the rebellion resulted in sharp class differences, conflict on the frontiers between settlers and American Indians, and colonial resistance to royal control

Indentured servants

servants that are under contract with a master or landowner who paid for their passage. Under the absolute rule of their masters until the end of their work period. At the end of that period, they gained their freedom and could work for wages or obtain land of their own.

Headright system

Virginia attempted to attract immigrants through offers of land. It offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for his own passage and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant’s passage.

Slavery

95% of enslaved Africans were delivered to the West Indies or Brazil. Less than 5% went to the British colonies in North America

Middle Passage

the dangerous part of the transatlantic voyage throughout the 1600s

Immigrants

most were Protestants, people fleeing from religious persecution and wars, and people searching for economic opportunity as farmers, artisans, or merchants. They mostly settled in the middle colonies and the western frontier of the southern colonies.

Germans

settled at the farmlands in west Philadelphia, becoming the Pennsylvania Dutch country. Still kept their language, culture, and beliefs as Lutherans, Amish, Brethren, or Mennonites. obeyed laws but didn’t participate in politics. make up 6% of the colonial population

Scotish-Irish

Protestants that came from northern Ireland. Doesn’t like the British because they pressured them to leave Ireland. Mostly settled in western Pennsylvania, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, comprising 7% of the population.

Huguenots

French Protestants that fled from France to escape religious persecution during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Dutch

settled and colonized present-day New York and the Hudson River

Swedes

in the mid-17th century, they established a settlement next the Delaware River, calling it New Sweden.

Africans

largest single group of people entering the English colonies. didn’t come by choice as they were taken captive, forcing onto European ship, and sold as enslaved laborers. By 1775, African Americans (enslaved and free) made up 20% of the colonial population, with majority of them living in the southern colonies, specifically South Carolina and Georgia.

Religious toleration

All colonies permitted the practice of different religions, but with varying degrees of freedom. Massachusetts was the most restrictive, while Pennsylvania and Rhode Island were the most open.

Hereditary Aristocracy

A developing narrower class system based on economics. Wealthy landowners were at the top; craft workers and small farmers made up the majority of people.

Social mobility

white residents had an opportunity to improve their standard of living and status by hard work. Acquiring land was much easier than in Europe

Subsistence farming

In New England, the rocky soil and long winters limited most people to this type of farming, which is producing just enough for the family

established church

an official Protestant church supported by taxes. But various diverse religious immigrants increased, leading to less support of churches by the government

Great Awakening

1730s-1740s, an evangelical revival movement of fervent expressions of religious feeling among the masses. As a result, people called for a stricter separation of church and state and Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, churches grew (new light) and Quakers, Angelicans, and Congregational churches declined (old light)

Johnathan Edwards

a Congregational minister from Massachusetts. Known for his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” meaning that God was angry with human sinfulness.

George Whitfield

a Methodist from Georgia, beginning to spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies, attracting audiences such as slaves. Preached that God was all-powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ, and those that didn’t would be damned to hell. It also changed the way people viewed authority

Benjamin West

an American artist who painted historical scenes. Went to England where he established himself as prominent artists

John Copley

an American artist who painted portraits of colonial Americans. Went to England where he establish himself as prominent artists.

Cotton Mather

a Puritan minister that is an author writing on serious religious subjects in the 18th century

Benjamin Franklin

The most popular political writer that wrote his witty aphorisms and advice in a book called Poor Richard’s Alamanack

Poor Richard’s Almanack

a best selling book written by Benjamin Franklin about his witty aphorisms and advice that was annually revised from 1732-1757

Phillis Wheatley

a slave born in West Africa that lived in Boston, getting educated by her masters. She published a collection of her poems in 1773 when she was 20 years old, and soon becoming free. Her poems are noteworthy because she is the first published African-American poet/author, and she triumphs over slavery and the quality of her verse

John Bartram

a self-taught botanist from Philadelphia. Helped won fame to Benjamin Franklin, with the botanist work with electricity, and developments of bifocal eyeglasses and the Franklin stove.

sectarian

one of the first colonial colleges, and they promoted the doctrines of a particular religious group

ex: Harvard in MA and Yale in CT

nonsectarian

secular or not affiliated with a particular religious group

ex: UPenn in PA

ministry

in the 17th century, they often the only well-educated people in a small community and only profession to enjoy widespread respect among the common people

physicians

in order to become this profession, one needs a doctor’s training as an apprentice in order to be experience. UPenn became the first medical college in 1765.

lawyers

during the 1700s, as trade expanded and legal problems became more complex, people felt a need for expert assistance in court, so they formed a committee which set rules and standards for young lawyers. gained respect in the 1760s-1770s when they argues for colonial rights

John Peter Zenger

a New York publisher that was tried on a charge in 1735 of libelously criticizing New York’s royal governor.

Andrew Hamilton

Zenger’s lawyer that argued that his client had printed the truth. Thanks to him, Zenger wasn’t guilty, and it encouraged newspapers to criticize the government

Enlightment

In the 18th century, this movement in literature and philosophy believed that the recent past was a “dark” era in which people relied too much on tradition and God’s intervention in human life. They believed that the “light” of reason could solve most of humanity’s problems. Most important philosopher is John Locke as his idea that sovereignty ultimately resides with the people rather than with the state would provide a rationale for the American Revolution and the principles of the U.S Constitution

Governor

the chief executive that proposes laws to the legislature. they were either appointed by the crown, elected by the people (RI and CT), or appointed by a proprietor (PA and MD)

Legislature

votes to adopt or reject the governor’s proposed laws. Consists of two houses:

• members of the lower house were elected by white male property owners, who vote for or against new taxes

• members of the upper house in the two self-governing colonies were elected by the king or the proprietor, aka the council.

Town meetings

In New England, people would regularly come together to vote directly on public issues