Schizoprenia

Schizophrenia

is a chronic brain disorder that affects less than one percent of the U.S. population.

• is active, symptoms can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, trouble with thinking and lack of motivation

True

True or false:

People with schizophrenia are more likely to die younger than the general population, largely because of high rates of co-occurring medical conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Psychosis

refers to a set of symptoms characterized by a loss of touch with reality due to a disruption in the way that the brain processes information. When someone experiences this episode, the person’s thoughts and perceptions are disturbed, and the individual may have difficulty understanding what is real and what is not.

Delusions

fixed false beliefs held despite clear or reasonable evidence that they are not true.

Persecutory or paranoid delusions

when a person believes they are being harmed or harassed by another person or group, are the most common.

Hallucinations

are the experience of hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that are not there. They are vivid and clear with an impression similar to normal perceptions

Auditory hallucinations or hearing voices

What are the most common hallucination in schizophrenia and related disorders?

Disorganized thinking and speech

refer to thoughts and speech that are jumbled and/or do not make sense. For example, the person may switch from one topic to another or respond with an unrelated topic in conversation

Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

are movements that can range from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation or can manifest as repeated movements without purpose. It includes catatonia, when a person appears as if in a daze with little movement or response to the surrounding environment.

Negative symptoms

refer to what is abnormally lacking or absent in the person with a psychotic disorder. Examples include impaired emotional expression, decreased speech output, reduced desire to have social contact or to engage in daily activities, and decreased experience of pleasure

Positive symptoms

Hallucinations, such as hearing voices or seeing things that do not exist, paranoia and exaggerated or distorted perceptions, beliefs and behaviors.

Negative symptoms

A loss or a decrease in the ability to initiate plans, speak, express emotion or find pleasure

Disorganized symptoms

Confused and disordered thinking and speech, trouble with logical thinking and sometimes bizarre behavior or abnormal movements

1. Ambivalence

2. Associative looseness

3. Delusions

4. Echopraxia

5. Flight of ideas

6. Ideas of reference

7. Perseveration

8. Bizarre behavior

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Ambivalence

-holding seemingly contradictory beliefs or feelings about the same person, event, or situation.

Associative looseness

fragmented or poorly related thoughts and ideas.

Delusions

fixed false beliefs that have no basis in reality.

Echopraxia

imitation of the movements and gestures of another person whom the client is observing

Flight of ideas

-continuous flow of verbalization in which the person jumps rapidly from one topic to another.

Ideas of reference

false impressions that external events have special meaning for the person.

Perseveration

persistent adherence to a single idea or topic; verbal repetition of a sentence, word, or phrase; resisting attempts to change the topic.

Bizarre behavior

outlandish appearance of clothing; unusual social or sexual behavior.

1. Alogia

2. Anhedonia

3. Apathy

4. Asociality

5. Blunted affect

6. Catatonia

7. Flat affect

8. Avolition

9. Inattention

What are the negative or soft symptoms of schizophrenia?

Alogia

-tendency to speak vey little or to convey little substance of meaning (poverty of content)

Anhedonia

feeling no joy or pleasure from life or any activities or relationships.

Apathy

feelings of indifference toward people, activities, and events

Asociality

social withdrawal, few or no relationships, lack of closeness

Blunted affect

restricted range of emotional feeling, tone, or mood

Catatonia

psychologically induced immobility occasionally marked by periods of agitation or excitement; the client seems motionless, as if in trance

Flat affect

absence of any facial expression that would indicate emotions or mood.

Avolition

absence of will, ambition or drive to take action or accomplish tasks

Inattention

-inability to concentrate or focus on a topic or activity, regardless of its importance.

Cognition

is another area of functioning that is affected in schizophrenia leading to problems with attention, concentration and memory, and to declining educational performance.

Schizophrenia

is a disorder in which a person will experience gross deficits in reality testing, manifested with at least two or more the following symptoms, which must be present for at least one month(unless treatment produces symptom remission)

True

True or false:

• If autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset has been previously diagnosed, the diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the other symptoms of schizophrenia, are present for at least one month, excluding successful treatment

1. Genetic factors

2. Neuronatomic and neurochemical factors

3. Immunovirologic factors

What are the possible etiology/risk factors for schizophrenia?

Long-acting injections

Six antipsychotics are available as?

Depot injections

Long-acting injections is formerly called as?

Delusional disorder

involves a person having false beliefs(delusions) that persist for at least one month. The delusions can be bizarre (about things that cannot possibly occur) or non-bizarre (things that are possible but not likely, such as a belief about being followed or poisoned).

Brief psychotic disorder

occurs when a person experiences a sudden short period of psychotic behavior. This episode lasts between one day and one month and then the symptoms completely disappear, and the person returns to normal

Schizophreniform disorder

are similar to those of schizophrenia, but the symptoms only last a short time—at least one month but less than six months. If the symptoms last longer than six months, then the diagnosis changes to schizophrenia

involves two or more of the following symptoms, each present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period (or less if successfully treated):

• Delusions,

• Hallucinations

• Disorganized speech,

• Grossly disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior, and/or

• Negative symptoms

Schizoaffective disorder

a major mood episode of depression or bipolar disorder (major depression or mania) at the same time as symptoms of schizophrenia (delusions,hallucinations,disorganizedspeech,grosslydisorganizedbehavior,ornegativesymptoms).

Catatonia

characterized by marked psychomotor disturbance, either excessive motor activity or virtual immobility and motionlessness. Motor activity may include catalepsy (waxy flexibility) or stupor.

Shared psychotic disorder (folie a deux)

two people share a similar delusion. The person with this diagnosis develops this delusion in the context of a closer relationship with someone who has psychotic delusions, most commonly siblings, parent and child, or husband and wife. The more submissive or suggestible person may rapidly improve if separated from the dominant person