A&P 1 Unit 2: Chemistry & Biochemistry

*NOT DONE IINCLUDE NORMAL STUFF WHEN I DO THIS LATER (AND LOs?)

Chemistry

The study of the composition, properties, and behavior of matter

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space; “Stuff”

What are the states of matter?

3 States:

1. Solid

2. Liquid

3. Gas

Solid

Has a definite shape and volume

ex: Bones, teeth

Liquid

Has a definite volume and changeable shape

ex: Water

Gas

Has changeable shape and volume

Ex: The air we breathe

Energy

The capacity to do work or to put matter into motion

What are the two kind of energy?

1. Kinetic Energy (KE)

2. Potential Energy (PE)

Kinetic Energy (KE)

Energy in motion

*Can be transferred into PE

Potential Energy (PE)

Stored or inactive energy; An object with PE has the potential to do work, but is not currently doing work.

*Can be transferred into KE

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.

ex: ATP

*There’s also chemical PE and chemical KE.

Electrical Energy

Results from the movement of charged particles

ex: Household wiring, our nervous system

Mechanical Energy (ME)

Energy directly involved in moving matter

ex: Pushing pedals on a bike to make it move (Physically pushing on something)

Radiant Energy

AKA: Electromagnetic Energy (EM)

Energy that travels in waves

Ex: Visible light, UV light, x-rays

Elements

Unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical methods

Ex: Nitrogen (N), Hydrogen (H)

Atoms

Small particles that are unique building blocks (like Lego pieces) of each element

• Each element is made up of 1 kind of atom ex: Hydrogen is made up of H atoms

• Consist of subatomic particles: Protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-)

What are the 4 major elements of the human body?

HONC:

1. Hydrogen

2. Oxygen

3. Nitrogen

4. Carbon

What are some of the lesser elements that make up ~4^% of our body mass?

9 Elements:

1. Calcium

2. Phosphorus

3. Potassium

4. Sulfur

5. Sodium

6. Chlorine

7. Magnesium

8. Iodine

9. Iron

What are some of the trace elements that make up less than 0.01^% of our body mass?

Chromium, Copper, Zinc, etc.

• Required in small amounts and are often found as part of or the activator of our enzymes

Review question from lecture:

Where is chemical energy stored? How can it be used?

Stored in the bonds of chemical substances

Released and transformed when bonds are broken or rearranged

Review question from lecture:

What are the four major elements making up approximately 96% of human body mass?

HONC: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon

ADD FLASHCARDS HERE W/ PRACTICE QUESTIONS FROM KAHOOTS, ETC. AND THEN CONTINUE FLASHCARDS ON THE NEXT LECTURE IN THIS UNIT

ALSO: Finish doing description for this flashcard set AND when I finish writing it, make sure I have everything and make any edits and provide diagrams, think, mneunomics when needed and then study for quiz

Biochemistry

The study of the chemical composition and reactions of living things

Inorganic compounds

Do NOT contain carbon

ex: Water, salts, many acids and bases

*Equally as necessary for life as organic compounds.

Organic compounds

Contains carbon

ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

*Equally as necessary for life as inorganic compounds.

Salt

An inorganic compound (carries an electrical charge) / ionic compound that contains cations (+) other than protons (H^+) and anions other than OH^-

Dissociate (bonds break) in water

Electrolytes

Conduct an electrical current in solution

What is true about all ions?

All ions are electrolytes - substances that conduct electrical current in solution

Acid

• Donate H^+ ions (protons)

Ex: HCl —> H^+ and Cl^-

Bases

• Proton (H^+) acceptors

Ex: NaOH —> Na^+ + OH^-

*Sodium hydroxide dissolves and completely separates in water.

pH

The “potential of Hydrogen or power of Hydrogen”

The relative concentration of H^+ ions (protons)

What is the range of pHs?

Zero to fourteen

What are the three categories of pH values?

1. Basic / Alkaline

2. Neutral

3. Acidic

Basic pH (Alkaline)

• Less H^+ and more OH^-

• Higher pH (>7)

Neutral pH

• pH of 7

• Neutral = The number of H^+ is equal to the number of OH^- ions

Acidic pH

• pH greater than 7

• Has more H^+ ions

pH of blood

7.4

pH of Water

pH of 7 - “The universal solvent”

pH of gastric juice

2

pH of 1M (1 Mole) of sodium hydroxide

14

pH of gastric juice

2

Review:

What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? Can you name some examples of each?

• Organic compounds contain carbon while inorganic compounds do NOT contain carbon

• Organic compound ex: Carbohydrates (#1 source of energy), lipids (#2), proteins (#3), and nucleic acids

*Nucleic acids do not provide energy.

What is true about organic and inorganic compounds?

They are both equally essential for life.

What are ionic compounds?

• A chemical substance is made of positively and negatively charged ions held together by electrostatic attraction

• Salts - All ionic compounds are classified as salts.

What is a salt? Provide an example. How do bonds break?

• Ionic compound containing cations (+ change) other than H^+ and anions (- charge) other than OH^-.

• Ex: NaCl

• Bonds break by dissociating in water

What is true about all ions?

• All ions are electrolytes

• Electrolytes are substances that conduct an electrical current in solution.

What are electrolytes?

• Electrolytes are substances that conduct an electrical current in solution.

What are inorganic compounds?

Acids and bases

What are acids? Provide an example.

• Proton donors

• Donate H^+ ions, increase H^+

• Example: HCl —> H^+ + Cl^-

What are bases? Provide examples.

• Poton acceptors - Accept H^+ ions

• Ex:

1. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) —> Na^+ + OH^-

2. OH^- + H^+ —> H20

FIGURE OUT THIS ORDER AND DELETE REPEATS AND MAKE SURE I HAVE EVERYTHING

*Format review questions like I had for Knowt for A&P Unit 1

Review:

If a substance has a pH of a 4.5, is it acidic, basic, or neutral?

Acidic

What are organic compounds?

4 Types of organic compounds:

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids *do not provide energy but make up DNA

What are carbohydrates?

• Carbo = Carbon

• Hydrate = Water

• Organic compounds composed of C, H, and O

Think: “Hydrated carbon”

What falls under carbohydrates?

Sugars and starches

What are the types of carbohydrates?

• Classified by size

3 Types:

1. Monosaccharides - One sugar

Ex: Glucose

2. Disasccharides - Two or more sugars

Ex: Maltose

3. Polysaccharides - Many sugars

Ex: Starch

What are monosaccharides? Provide an example.

• Simple sugars: A single chain or single-ring structure

• “Building blocks” of carbohydrates; Monomers

• Ex: Glucose (C6H12O6)

What is glucose? Provide the chemical formula.

• The main fuel to make ATP (energy), which is especially important in the brain

• Makes up our blood sugar / blood glucose

• Chemical formula: C6H1206

What is diabetes mellitus?

• Medical condition caused by chronic high bloood sugar (hyperglycemia)

Background on diabetes:

• Food breaks down into glucose for cellular energy.

• Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to move from the bloodstream into cells.

• With diabetes, the pancreas makes little or no insulin (depending on severity) OR the body cannot use insulin correctly, which causes sugar to build up in the blood (leading to hyperglycemia or high BG).

• Type 1: Autoimmune condition in which body attacks insulin producing cells, which means the body makes no insuliin

• Type 2: A condition in which the body becomes resistant to insulin and does not make enough to overcome it; Most common form.

*The regulation of blood sugar (BG) is a negative feedback loop.

What is glycolysis?

• Glyco = Glucose

• Lysis = Breakdown

• The process of breaking down glucose, which generates ATP.

What are disaccharides? Provide an example.

• Disaccharides are “double sugars” or two monosaccharides that are joined by dehydration synthesis (DHS).

• Ex: Sucrose = glucose + fructose

*Carbs can be mono or disaccharides.

What is dehydration synthesis (DHS)?

• DHS is a condensation reaction and it’s a chemical process where two smaller molecules join together to form a larger molecule, releasing a water molecule in the process.

• Primary mechanism for body to build complex biological polymers like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids form simpler monomers.

*Carbs can be mono or disaccharides.

What are polysaccharides?

• Complex sugars or polymers of monosaccharides that are joined by dehydration synthesis (DHS).

• Ex: Glycogen, starch, cellulose which are all polymers of glucose

What is glycogenesis?

• Glyco = Glycogen

• Lysis = Breakdown

• The breakdown of glycogen into glucose to use glucose for energy (ATP)

What are carbohdyrates? What is the role of carbohydrates in the body?

• Supplies a source of cellular fuel - quick energy

• Glucose is the main fuel to make ATP

• This is your body’s first and main source of energy for cellular functions.

Review:

What is the main fuel to make ATP?

Glucose: C6H12O6

What is glycogen?

• Highly branched polysaccharide composed of glucose units

• The main form of short-term carbohydrate energy storage

What are lipids? Provide an example.

• Organic compounds composed of C, H, O

*The proportion of Oxgyen is much lower in lipids than in carbohydrates

• Ex: Fats, oils, and waxes

In what substances are lipids soluable?

• Lipids are insoluble in H20, but readily dissolve in other lipids and organic solvents

• Ex: Alcohol, ether, etc.

What are the different types of lipids?

4 Types of lipids:

1. Triglycerides

2. Phospholipids

3. Steroids

4. Eicosanoids

What are triglycerides?

• The #2 form of short term energy

• Neutral fats or lipids

What are triglycerides made up of?

• Composed of fatty acids (the backbone of DNA) and glycerol (3:1 ratio)

What is glycerol?

• A 3 carbon molecule

• A modified simple sugar

What is a fatty acid?

• A linear chain of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms with -COOH at the end

• Can vary: Saturated or unsaturated

Saturated

• Contain only single bonds between carbon atoms

• Fully packed or saturated with hydrogen atoms, creating a straight chain

Unsaturated

• Contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms therefore they have fewer H atoms

• Bent or kinked chain

What is the role of triglycerides in the body?

• To protect and insulate the body organs

• Major source of stored energy

Where are triglycerides found?

Found in subcutaneous tissue and around the organs

What are phospholipids?

• Modified triglycerides with 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, and 1 phosphate group)

What do phospholipids make up?

The cell membrane: Phospholipid bilayer

What are the characteristics of phospholipids?

• Polar phosphate head (Hydrophilic = “Water loving”)

• Nonpolar fatty acid tail (Hydrophobic = “Water hating”)

What is the role of phospholipids in the body?

The main component of cell membranes

What are steroids?

• Flat lipid molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings

What are some of the functions of steroids in the human body?

• Cholesterol - A component of the cell membrane

• Raw material to create steroid hormones (homeostasis)

• Vitamin D (bone growth)

• Bile salts (fat digestion), etc.

What are eicosanoids?

• Lipids made up of 20-Carbon fatty acids

What are some of the functions of eicosanoids in the human body?

• Prostalaglandins (in all cell membranes)

• Blood clotting

• Labor contractions

• Regulation of blood pressure, etc.

What is a lipid panel?

• Screening test that measures blood lipid levels including:

1. Total cholesterol

2. LDL

3. HDL

4. Triglycerides

What is LDL?

• Low-Density Lipoprotein

• The “bad cholesterol” that can build up in the walls of arteries (atheroscleorsis) and an increased risk of heart disease

What is HDL?

• High Density Lipoprotein

• “Good” cholesterol that protects against heart disease by removing LDL from the blood and thus preventing it from building up in the arteries

What diseases are associated with high levels of triglycerides?

Heart disease and diabetes

Review:

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

One glycerol attached to three fatty acid chains

Review:

What is a saturated vs unsaturated fat?

Review:

What is LDL vs HDL?

• LDL = Bad cholesterol

• HDL = Good cholesterol

What are proteins?

• Organic compounds composed of C, H, O, and N

*May contain S

• Make up 10% to 30% of cell mass

• Have the most varied functions of all molecules

• The last source of energy

• Used to build basic structures ex: muscles, bones, cartilage, skin, nails, hair, etc.

• Ex: Hemoglobin - carry oxygen, etc.

What are enzymes?

• Catalysts: Speed up a reaction

What are amino acids?

• “Building blocks” of proteins (Think: Lego pieces)

• Contains an amino group (-NH²) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

• All amino acids are identical except for their R group - 20 R groups exist in nature, therefore there are 20 amino acids

*Think of each amino acid like a letter in the alphabet because different combinations create different words (different proteins)

What process helps form amino acids?

• Dehydration synthesis (DHS) joins adjacent amino acids

What is a peptide bond?

A bond between two adjacent amino acids

What is a peptide bond?

• A bond between two amino acids

What is a dipeptide? Tripeptide? Polypeptide? Macromolecules?

• Dipeptide: 2 amino acids bonded together

• Tripeptide: 3 amino acids bonded together

• Polypeptide: 10+ amino acids

• Macromolecules: 100 to 100,000 amino acids

*Think of each amino acid like a letter in the alphabet because different combinations create different words (different proteins)