midterm 2 (general info)

what are the symptoms of Addison’s disease? (1/2)

• lethargy

• weakness

• anorexia

what are the symptoms of Addison’s disease? (2/2)

• vomiting

• diarrhea

• PU/PD

what is Addison’s disease?

• progressive condition associated w adrenal atrophy

• aka adrenocortical insufficiency

what are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease?

• PU/PD

• hair loss

• pendulous abdomen

what is Cushing’s disease?

• hormonal disease caused by prolonged admin of adrenocortical hormones, adrenocortical tumors, or pituitary disorders

• aka hyperadrenocorticism

what are the signs of diabetes insipidus?

increased thirst & urination (PU/PD)

what is diabetes insipidus?

• disease characterized by inability to concentrate urine

• caused by posterior pituitary’s failure to release sufficient ADH or inability of kidneys to respond to ADH stimulation

what are the signs of diabetes mellitus? (1/2)

• elevated blood glucose lvls (hyperglacemia)

• glucose in urine (glucosuria)

what are the signs of diabetes mellitus? (2/2)

• frequent thirst & urination (PU/PD)

• alterations in fat metabolism

  • lead to toxic effects & diabetic coma

what is diabetes mellitus?

• complex disease of carb, fat, & protein metabolism

• caused by lack of insulin or inefficient use of insulin in animals

what are the signs of hyperthyroidism? (1/2)

• increased thirst

• weight loss despite increased appetite

what are the signs of hyperthyroidism? (2/2)

• increased stool production

• restlessness

• tachycardia

what is hyperthyroidism?

excessive functional activity of thyroid gland

what are the signs of hypothyroidism? (1/2)

• decreased coat luster or hair loss

• weight gain w/o any increase in appetite

• listlessness

what are the signs of hypothyroidism? (2/2)

• intolerance to cold

• reproductive failure

• skin is more susceptible to mites, bacteria, & scales

what is hypothyroidism?

disease characterized by deficiency of thyroid hormone

what is electrolyte imbalance?

• abnormal concentration of electrolytes in body’s fluids, esp in blood

  • fluid & electrolytes aren’t balanced

• results from loss of sodium, potassium, calcium

what does electrolyte imbalance cause? (1/2)

• dehydration

• PU → hyponatremia

what does electrolyte imbalance cause? (2/2)

• elevated sodium concentration in ECF

  • increased osmotic pressure

  • causes water to move from intracellular compartment to extracellular compartment

• solution w higher concentration of solute has greater plasma osmolality

what is diffusion?

movement of molecules or solutes from an area of high concentration to low concentration

what is osmosis?

movement of water from an area of low concentration to high concentration

what is Ginko used for? (1/2)

• help w memory

• reduce aging effects on nervous system

what is Ginko used for? (2/2)

• reduce hypertension

• as general tonic in geriatric patients

what is Ginseng used for?

• used in Chinese medicine

• treats extreme weight loss, anorexia, systemic inflections, & feline leukemia

• increase bp, HR, GI motility

what is Garlic used for? (1/2)

• high in potassium

• flea prevention

what is Garlic used for? (2/2)

• acidify urine

• can cause anemia in cats if given high dose

what is Echinacea used for?

• wild flower in NA

• limits severity of & shortening duration of some infections

what is Saw Palmetto used for? (1/2)

• treatment of UTIs

• treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

what is Saw Palmetto used for? (2/2)

• stimulate appetite

• treat interstitial cystitis in cats

• as mild diuretic

what is evening primrose used for? (1/2)

• oil supplement used in cats & dogs

• maintain healthy skin

what is evening primrose used for? (2/2)

• normal growth in young & lactating females

• cause cramping & loose stools

what is Goldenseal used for?

• mainly as antibacterial & antiparasitic drug

• helps fight against protozoan Giardia & Entamoeba

what is cranberry used for?

• mainly for treatment of UTIs

• good for use in cats

• high lvls can cause diarrhea & stomach problems

what is valerian used for?

• primarily as sleep aid

• calm hyperactivity in dogs

• mild tranquilization

what is Hawthorne used for? (1/2)

• small tree or shrub - member of rose family

• heart & valvular tonic for animals in early stages of heart failure

what is Hawthorne berry used for? (2/2)

• strengthen heart contractility

• stabilize heart against arrhythmias

what is ginger used for? (1/2)

• used in animals to treat intestinal disorders

• treat motion sickness & gastric upset

what is ginger used for? (2/2)

• may inhibit platelet clumping & raise body temp

• shouldn’t be used in pregnant or hypoglycemic animals

what is St. John’s Wort used for? (1/2)

• ingredient, hyperforin, regulates effects of serotonin

• treat behavior disorders

  • lick granuloma, aggression, separation anxiety, & OCD

what is St. John’s Wort used for? (2/2)

• shouldn’t be used w other antidepressant drugs

• affects bp & cause photosensitivity (esp livestock) in high lvls

what is Western herbal medicine?

individuals have an inner force that works to maintain, physical, emotional, & mental health

what is Chinese traditional herbal medicine?

• based on holistic philosophy of life

• emphasizes relationship among mental, emotional, & physical components

  • and harmony between individuals, social groups, & greater population

what are colloid fluids?

• large molecules that enhance oncotic pressure of blood

• cause fluid to move from interstitial & intracellular spaces into vascular space

• don’t readily diffuse across cell membrane

what are the two types of colloid fluids?

natural and synthetic

what are some examples of natural colloids?

• plasma

• albumin

• whole blood

what are some examples of synthetic colloids?

• dextrans

• hydroxyethyl starch

• hemoglobin glutamer-200

what are crystalloid fluids?

• sodium-based electrolyte or glucose solutions in water

• commonly used to replace lost fluid & electrolytes

what are the types of crystalloid fluids?

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

what are isotonic solutions?

• osmolality is same as fluid component of blood & extracellular water

• produce no significant changes in osmolality of blood

what are hypotonic solutions?

• osmolality lower than fluid component of blood

• blood diffuses into RBC may cause swelling if given in large quantities

what are hypertonic solutions?

• osmolality greater than fluid component of blood

• may cause RBCs to shrink

what does maintenance fluid mean?

• volume of fluid needed by animal on daily basis to maintain body function

• replaces sensible & insensible body water losses

how is maintenance fluid determined?

determined based on amount of fluid lost from sensible & insensible losses

how much is maintenance fluid volume in adult animals?

50mL/kg/day = volume needed (mL)

how much is maintenance fluid volume in young animals?

110mL/kg/day = volume needed (mL)

what is the value used for insensible losses?

20mL/kg/day = volume needed (mL)

what does sensible losses refer to?

• body water lost in urine and feces

• measurable

what does insensible body water losses refer to?

• result of normal metabolic processes, isn’t easily measured

• loss through sweating, ventilation, & mucous membrane evaporation

what is the endocrine systen?

• composed of ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers

• secrete chemical messengers called hormones into bloodstream

what do hormones do?

affect tissue & organs - called target organs

what are the structures that make up the endocrine glands? (1/3)

• 1 pituitary gland

• 1 thyroid gland

• 4 parathyroid glands

what are the structures that make up the endocrine glands? (2/3)

• 2 adrenal glands

• 1 pancreas

• 1 thymus

what are the structures that make up the endocrine glands? (3/3)

• 1 pineal gland

• 2 gonads

  • ovaries in females, testes in males

what is the endocrine system controlled by?

feedback mechanism

where is the pituitary gland located?

at base of brain

what does the hypothalamus do?

• secretes releasing & inhibiting factors that affect release of substances from pituitary gland

• when signaled by hypothalamus, pituitary gland secretes hormones that control other glands

what are female hormones?

• estrogen

• progesterone

where is estrogen & progesterone produced in?

in ovary

what does estrogen do?

• promotes female sex characteristics

• stimulates & maintains reproductive tract & accessory organs

what kind of hormone is estrogen?

predominant hormone during follicular phase

what is estrogen used for?

• helpful in correcting urinary incontinence, vaginitis, & dermatitis in dogs w ovaries removed

• in horses, induces estrus in nonbreeding season following withdrawal of progesterone

what kind of hormone is progesterone?

female sex hormone produced & secreted after ovulation by the CL

what does progesterone do?

• decreases uterine activity when a female is in estrus or pregnant

• deficiency may cause embryonic death in some animals

what is progesterone used for?

• used in cows, mares, & other domestic animals

• also blocks estrus in the bitch (female dog)

what does Luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

• causes ovulation of mature follicles & formation of CL

  • CL produces progesterone

what kind of hormone is Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

• stimulates secretion of estrogen & growth of eggs in ovaries

• stimulates production of sperm in testes

what does the estrous cycle consist of? (1/2)

• proestrus

• estrus

what does the estrous cycle consist of? (2/2)

• metestrus

• diestrus

• anestrus

what phases can the estrous be categorized as?

• follicular phase

• luteal phase

what is the proestrus cycle?

• period of cycle before sexual receptivity

• secretes FSH by anterior pituitary gland

what is the estrus cycle?

• period of cycle where fem is receptive to male

• FSH lvl decrease & LH lvl increase

what is the metestrus cycle?

• period of cycle after sexual receptivity

• corpus luteum (CL) forms in ovary & produces progesterone if animal is pregnant

what is the diestrus cycle?

• short phase of inactivity in polyestrous animals

• if pregnant, CL is fully functional & produces high lvl of progesterone

• if not pregnant, CL decreases in size & becomes corpus albicans

what is the anestrus cycle?

• period when animal is sexually quiet

• long phase in seasonally polyestrous & monestrous animals

what is the follicular phase?

• stage of estrous cycle in which graafian follicle is present

• estrogen is predominant hormone

what is the luteal phase?

• stage of estrous cycle in which CL is present

• progesterone is predominant hormone

what hormones regulate reproduction? (1/2)

• GnRH

• FSH

what hormones regulate reproduction? (2/2)

• LH

• ACTH

• Prostaglandin

what does GnRH do?

• causes release of FSH & LH from anterior pituitary gland

• release controlled by lvl of FSH & LH via negative loop

what does FSH do?

• causes growth & maturation of ovarian follicles

  • follicles produce estrogen

what organ is GnRH released by?

hypothalamus

where does control of reproductive/endocrine system happen?

• hypothalamus

• pituitary glands

what does ACTH do?

• released in pregnant animals as parturition approaches

• causes cortisol to be produced by adrenal cortex

what does increased progesterone levels signal?

• signals hypothalamus to produce less GnRH

  • FSH & LH affect release of GnRH

what does prostaglandin do?

breaks down CL at end of pregnancy & at end of diestrus in nonpregnant animals

what is a positive feedback system?

• occurs less frequently in body

• hormone increases its own release

what is an example of positive feedback loop?

• release of oxytocin during parturition

• even though its present, a signal is sent to release more of it

what is a negative feedback system?

• if lvl of hormones dip below normal lvl

  • signal is sent to brain to make more of the hormone

  • acts like a thermostat

what do animals need fluids for?

• rehydration

• maintenance

• outgoing fluid losses

what is rehydration?

to correct body water loss due to dehydration