Psych History Unit 1

Pyramid of Psychology

A hierarchy from data (statistics) to information (correlations), knowledge (engagement and environment), and wisdom (planning and understanding how).

Neal A. Maxwell’s Four Bridges

difficult (spiritual translation), inaccessible (too secular), widening (revelation), takes some time (correlate with secular)

Pythagoras

Ideal triangle, inspired Plato

Heraclitus

Mutability

Zeno

Infinite, Achilles can never catch tortoise

Hippocrates’ Humoral Theory

A theory attributing disease to imbalances of four bodily fluids: blood (air, liver), yellow bile (fire, gallbladder), black bile (earth, spleen), and phlegm (water, brain), affecting health and temperament.

Socrates’ Contribution to Psychology

Introduced the Socratic Method, questioning inherent knowledge and rationalism while opposing sophistry.

Humble, Xenophon and Plato

Plato Theory of Forms

Philosophical framework which posits that non-ideal reality consists of imperfect representations or shadows of true forms.

Pythagoras, Academy, Republic, athletic

Plato Components of the Psyche

The psyche is divided into three parts: logistikon (reason), thymoeides (spirit), and epithymetikon (appetite).

Allegory of Cave

Live in a non-Ideal world, reality is shadows, philosophers try to share truth, masses are ignorant and too stubborn to accept truth

Aristotle’s Order of Psyche

A hierarchy where plants possess a vegetative soul (reproduce), animals have a sensitive soul (move), and humans have a rational soul (thought).

Sensations = memory and cognition

Avicenna’s Floating Man Experiment

A persons exists even without sensory input (self-aware)

Apperception

Rene Descartes

Rationalism, split up problem, don’t rely on authority, mechanistic view

Fire tiny fluid Air larger Earth largest

Rene Descartes’ First Rule of Method

To doubt everything as a form of seeking truth.

Simple Natures 2 aspects

Base forms, EXTENSION and MOTION

Galileos Primary and Secondary Qualities

Primary qualities are matter(shape, quantity, motion)

Secondary qualities are those perceived through the senses.

Animal Spirits and Reflex

Yellow juice in brain, response to stimulus

Innate Ideas and Passions Hippocrates

Inherent soul knowledge; conscious experience of animal spirits in pineal anger love

John Locke

Experience, empirical, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, fall to first teacher, Robert Boyle

Association

Locke’s Tabula Rasa Theory

The notion that individuals are born as a blank slate, shaped by experience and learning

Lockes Primary qualities; Secondary qualities

INHERENT of shape, quantity, and motion; recieved and PERCEIVED or senses

Locke’s three degrees of knowledge (experiential)

Intuitive: Immediately True / Demonstrative: geometric or logical reasoning / Sensitive: patterns of sensory experiences

Leibniz

Binary Arithmetic (infentisemal)

Continental Rationalists

Ideas REASON important, pantheism god is universe

Monadology

Supreme Monad, Rational Monad, Sentient Monad

Thomas Willis

Graphically displayed brain on plats grey pulpy outside and white fibers inside

Christopher Wren

Actually made engravings

Commissures

Corpus callosum

Lavater

Physiognomy facial characteristics = traits

Franz Gall

Brain and skull shape = traits

Flourens

Ablations (cortex is unified whole)

Georges Cuvier built on this, extinction theory

Bouillard

Rejected phrenology, believed frontal controlled language, his son in law Aubertin agreed

Types of Aphasia

Global Aphasia (severe),

Motor (Broca’s) Aphasia (understanding intact, little speech),

Sensory (Wernicke’s) Aphasia (fluent but nonsensical speech).

Sensory Strip

A region of the brain responsible for processing sensory information from the body, located in the parietal lobe.

Motor Strip

A region of the brain that controls voluntary movements, located in the frontal lobe.

Fritsch and Hitzig

Researchers who first discovered the motor strip by using electrical stimulation to identify areas of the brain responsible for movement.

David Ferrier

First individual prosecuted for cruelty to animals dog ablations

Shepherd Franz

Conducted ablation experiments on cats and Prez of APA

The Law of Mass Action (Karl Lashley)

States that the effects of brain damage are proportional to the extent of damage inflicted on the brain.

Equipotentiality

Flourens Some areas of the brain can compensate for others if damaged

Redundancy Hypothesis

individual memories stored in multiple locations

Roberts Bartholow

electrically stimulated the brain of Mary Rafferty

Penfield

A neurosurgeon who used brain stimulation techniques to treat epilepsy and explore different brain functions.

Interpretive cortex

Interpretive Responses (stimulation)

Penfield: How they felt or thought about their current environment

Experiential Flashbacks (stimulation)

Penfiled: Hallucinations or memories triggered by brain stimulation, provide new insights into real events from the patient's past.

New Brain Developments

Tomography: Brain Study

Cognitive Neuroscience: Combining brain imaging and conscious studies

David Hume’s Theory of Associations

1. Resemblance, 2. Contiguity, and 3. Cause and effect.

Kant’s Categorical Imperative

Treats others as ends in themselves, leading to reasonable morality beyond religion.

Kant on Art and Morality

Kant believed that art contributes to moral development, suggesting that the cultivation of fine arts leads to better individuals.

Government’s Role in Morality (Kant)

Kant argued that the government should uphold good moral principles and laws, reflecting Enlightenment values.

Noumenal vs. Phenomenal Worlds (Kant)

Kant distinguished between noumenal (the pure world) and phenomenal (the experienced world), emphasizing the limits of human perception.

Hume Causality

Not necessarily a cause an effect relationship

Causality is passed on past patterns, mental connections

Kant Causality

Cant be prove, but its part of our experience, inherent structure in understanding (Inherent)

Kant Intuitions

SPACE and TIME

Localize experience, further categories make relationships mind HAS TO causality

Categories Quality, Quantity, and Relationships

Helmoltz on sense and percept

Sensations raw elements; perceptions how elements are interpreted

Helmholtz

Psychological mechanist

Taught by Johannes Muller, didn’t believe in vitalism

Studied reaction time in frogs and humans

Galvanometer needle

Young Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

RGB combination of perceived colors in the eye

Opthamaloscope

Fechner

Dr. Mises night view (mechanical) and Day view (spirituality)

Preacher Dad

Ernst Weber

jnd

jnd

just noticeable difference between levels ,/’

percentage of difference required to distinguish between two things

Musical Pitch .006

Fechner with jnd

Absolute threshold zero point of 50% detectable stimulus

S = k log P

Weber-Fechner Law (Humble)

S

Stimulus

k

Constant

P

Perceived strength

S. Smith Steven’s Law

Power Law, accounts for exponential increase (like electric shocks)

S = k P^n

0 point is smallest

Christian von Ehrenfels

Austrian psychologist we can’t introspectively break down whole objects or ideas into sensations

Max Weirtheimer

Optical illusions

Mentored Abraham Maslow

Gestalt

Mind organizes experiences and perceptions into organized wholes

(more than sum)

Common Region

Continuity

Closure

Similarity

Good Figure or Pragnaz

Proximity

Enclosed = together

Lines

Pac man

Same color

Simplest Figure

Grouped together

Wolfgang Kohler

Psychophysical Isomorphism - perception and brain processes share properties, whole system

Koffka too

Kurt Lewin

Filed theory and LIFE SPACE personality and environment, pressures + vectors

Kurt Goldstein

Self- Actualization, neural reuse for damage

The individual is striving to HEAL so brain fixes

Phi Phenomenon

Apparent movement, subtle distinct change sin consecutive still images

Perceptual Field

Figure - object placed against the

Necessary Ground

Website design

Wilhelm Wundt

Studied under Helmholtz and Muller with Fechner, the University of Leipzig's first lab of its kind, Father of Psychology, Introspection: thinking about thinking, standardized stimulus and assessments (measurement), Philosophy into science, highly subjective

Introspection

1. Present stimulus 2. Inspect own thoughts 3. Draw Conclusions

Volkerpsychologie

Study of human CULTURE connectedness, 10 volumes

Mental Chronometry

Response time to determine speed of info processing

F. C. Donders

Subtractive Method: Complex - Simple = time required for differentiating/discrimination

James Cattell

Wundt’s American student

LIP KEY association times

3rd lab established at Harvard

Dimensions of Sensations

(1) Mode, (2) Quality, (3) Intensity, (4) Duration

Dimensions of feelings

(1) pleasantness/unpleasantness, (2) tension/relaxation, (3) excitement-inhibition

3 Elements of Consciousness SIA

Sensation (perception), Images (thoughts), Affection (emotions)

Edward Titchener

Atomistic analysis, exclusive male Society for Experimental Psychologists, Structuarlism

Structuralism, Focus, 4 Requirements

Discovery of mental phenomena

Focused on what the mind IS the WHAT rather than why

Impartial, Attentive, Comfortable, Awake

Stimulus Error

Titchener on Women

He had students that were women but still did not include them fully, Margaret Floy Washburn; Society of Experimental Psychologists (banned women from membership)

Functionalism

WHY? Function or purpose

William James

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Studied memory with nonsense syllables consonant-vowel-consonant

Forgetting curve

Memory decreased rapidly then plateaud

60% at 20 minutes