Psych History Unit 1
Introduction Week
1. Recall the “Is Psychology a Science?” discussion and the models we examined.
(Application of scientific methods, research, behavior, cognition) but it lacks a clear foothold of how the world works skepticism
Pyramid of what’s present in psychology: Data(statistics on dates) > information(correlations/outcomes) > knowledge(WHAT engagement > environment) > wisdom(HOW how to plan date)
Psychology is caught between Skinner (Behaviorism) and Freud (Psychoanalysis) and Biology and Sociology
Be instructed in theory and his grace shall attend you
2. Neal A. Maxwell’s Four Bridges
1 Some such bridges are difficult (spiritual being translated to physical)
2 Some bridges cannot be built for a while (revelation)
3 Some bridges can be widened (correlate scholar with spirit)
4 We know now that some bridges simply cannot be built (inaccessible to believers)
1. Man is created in God’s image 2. Environment and heredity do not account for all uniqueness 3. Free agency and growth are more important than life itself 4. The mortal estate is designed to prove us 5. Opposition in all things 6. World of law misery and blessings 7. Almost all men misuse power
Chapter One – Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
1a. Pre Socratic
Pythagoras had religious attachment to the ideal triangle (inspired Plato)
Heraclitus mutability
Zeno infinite Achilles can never catch up to Tortoise
2. Hippocrates’ humoral theory – components
Hippocratic Oath precursor, Humoral - natural cause of disease, blood (air liver sanguine), yellow bile (fire gallbladder Choleric), black bile (earth spleen melancholic), phlegm (water, brain/lungs phlegmatic) [affect health, temperament, and character], Nice to women
1. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, : (rationalism, empiricism, nativism, sophist, etc.)
470 - 399 Socrates: Socratic Method of questions, responses, questions/did not record his teaching; Xenophon and Plato star pupils; modest life and looks; I know that I know nothing Dialogues, native inherent knowledge, rationalism, shunned sophists
428-348 Plato: Theory of Forms/Theory of the Cave; Founded academy; sold as a slave; physically active and attractive Studied with Pythagoras, Academy, Appearance is an imperfect conscious interaction, Republic
384-322 Aristotle: Empirical evidence; taxonomy; tutor to Alexander the Great; not born in Athens; Lyceum strolling school, Wrote in reaction to Plato’s philosophy, De Anima
3. Plato’s Cave – main aspect?
Live in a non-Ideal world, reality is shadows, philosophers try to share truth, masses are ignorant and too stubborn to accept truth
4. Plato’s three components of the psyche
logistikon (reason), the thymoeides (spirit), and the epithymetikon (appetite)
5. Aristotle’s order of the psyches
Plants vegetative soul (reproduction, growth) < Animals sensitive soul (mobility, sensation) < Rational soul (thought, reflection)
Sensations lead to memory and cognition (early blank slate) Fear is pain arising from the anticipation of evil
6. Avicenna’s floating man conclusions
Consciousness and existence, does a person exist without senses?
Chapter Two – Pioneers of the Mind: Descartes, Locke, and Leibniz
Rene Descartes: Rationalism, I think therefore I am, incisive questions split up big problem, quiet reflection, experience, reason, doubt, meditated in stove; love, joy, wonder, hatred, desire, sadness; don’t rely on authority; moved 24 times wanted to find external peace and safety
Fire tiny fluid Air larger Earth largest
1. The first rule of Descartes’ method
Doubt
2. Components of Descartes’ simple natures
Mechanical [Extension (space being filled) and Motion / Galileo defined similar], intellectual, simple
Animal Spirits clear yellowish fluid, reflex stimulus to response
Innate ideas - exist prior to any sensory experience
Passions - conscious experience of senses
John Locke:
Experience + empirical, tabula rasa, government takes care of people, religious freedom, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Robert Boyle, first teacher u fall to
Simple ideas: Characteristic / Complex ideas: connect simple into idea
ASSOCIATION
3. Locke’s primary qualities and secondary qualities
Primary qualities INHERENT of shape, quantity, and motion which are received and known in secondary qualities PERCEIVED or senses
4. Locke’s three degrees of knowledge
Intuitive: Immediately True / Demonstrative: geometric or logical reasoning / Sensitive: patterns of sensory experiences
5. Leibniz early mathematical discoveries
Binary arithmetic (infentisemal)
6. Leibniz, pantheism, and the theory of monads
Continental Rationalists: Ideas important, God is the universe
Supreme Monad
Rational Monad
Sentient Monad
Chapter 3 – Physiologists of the Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
Thomas Willis - GRAPHICALLY displayed plates and engravings (Christopher Wren) grey (pulpy outside process) and white (fibrous inner connects) matter
Commissures - Corpus Callosum / 1740 Neurons 1836 nerve cells visualized then axon 1838 cell theory then actual cell 1873 black reaction / Cerebral Cortex / Cerebellum
1. Physiognomy v phrenology
Facial characteristics determine traits - Lavater / brain shape and skull shape denote traits - Gall
2. Flourens’ methodologies
Ablation, Cortex is a unified whole (?), Georges Cuvier built on Flourens studies [extinction]
3. Localization
Bouillard rejected phrenology but believed frontal controlled language, his son-in-law Aubertin agreed
3. Types of aphasia
Global Aphasia is the most severe
Motor or Broca’s Aphasia - Paul Broca discovered Tan and his inability to speak correctly, he could understand speech though
Sensory or Wernicke Aphasia - Can speak fluently but doesn’t understand what they are saying paraphasias mispronunciation of words
4. The brain’s sensory strip and motor strip
Fritsch and Hitzig discovered motor strip 1st to do electrical stimulation
A. The brain’s sensory strip and motor strip
David Ferrier 1st to be prosecuted for cruelty to animals distinct cortex center
Shepherd Franz ablation on cats, APA Prez
Karl Lashley worked on memory
Equipotentiality neral plasticity Flourens, take over functions
5. The law of mass action
Lashley, damage expanse = effect