Module 1* - Civilizations (Ancient Times, Medieval, and Modern)

Mohenjo Daro

Was discovered in the 1920 and is believed to be a city that is 4600 years old

Mohenjo Daro

Is one of the main cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, has well planned streets and used baked bricks to build houses

Baked Brick

During the Height of the Indus Valley Civilization, what kind ogf material was most commonly used to make houses and other structures?

Copper and Bronze

What kind of metallurgy did the Indus Valley Civilization mainly use fro toold like axes, knives, chisels, etc.?

Hammering and Lost-wax

What two main processes did the Indus use as thier metal working techniques?

Faience/earthenware

Is a kind of handicraft made by the indus which was used for beads, amulets, sealings, and small vessels

Seals

Was a Indus handicraft made from steatite and carved with copper burin (cutting tool). It often featured animals, mythical figures, and undeciphered scripts

Beads

Was an Indus Handicraft made from cornelian, shell, and ivory

Pottery

Was an indus handicraft which was mass-produced, often wheel- thrown, some decorated with red slip and black motifs

Textiles

Was an indus handicraft which shows evidence of early production like spinning, weaving, and dyeing

Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, and Lothal

What three cities did the indus valley civilization feature a drainage system?

Indus Script or Harappan

What was the name of the writing system used by the indus valley civilization?

250-500 characters

Indus Script or harappan was the writing system used by the indus valley civilization, how many characters did it have?

Irrigation systems

The indus valley civilization and Its people used ________ _____ for water management, practiced seasonal crop rotation, and employed basic ploughs and tools for efficient farming

Agriculture, Metallurgy, Engineering, Textile Production, and Medicine

In what five aspects of science and technology did ancient africans excel at?

Plants

Medicine in ancient africa usaully came from?

Hunting and Defense

Advancements in african metallurgy and tool making were usually for what two categories?

Bows, Arrows, Knives, and Axes

What four kinds of toll were most usually found in ancient africa for hunting and defense?

vurha or uta

Bows in ancient africa are also known as?

matlhari or miseve

Arrows in ancient africa are also known as?

Mukwanga or banga

Knives in ancient africa are also known as?

xihloka or demo

Axes in ancient africa are also known as?

Goji or hunza

Pits lined with poison tipped stakes were used for trapping elephants, what was the name of this device?

Coffee, Palm oil, sugarcane, cotton, african rice, and sorghum

Agriculture in africa saw the rise of what kinds of plants?

Olmec, Mayan, Inca, and Aztecs

What were the four most famous mesoamerican ancient civilizations?

Olmec Civilization

Are the earliest known civilization in mesoamerica dating around 1200 BC, in now northeastern Mexico

Olmec Civilization

Known as the “mother culture” of ancient Mexican Civilizations

Olmec Civilization

Traditions such as temple and pyramid building, art and symbolic designs, and worshiping of multiple gods were popularized in mesoamerica by what civilizaiton?

Adopted their gods, pyramids, and calendar system

What was the influence of the olmec civilization towards the Mayans?

Inherited myths and symbolic meanings

What was the influence of the olmec civilization towards the Aztecs?

Maya Civilization

Were an advanced Mesoamerican civilization that flourished from around 2000 BCE to 1500 CE in regions now part of South America

Maya Civilization

They developed a fully functioning written language, complex astronomical systems, and highly accurate calendars

Maya Civilization

This ancient Mesoamerican Civilization had city-states and was known for monumental architecture, religious rituals, and polytheistic belief system

The Calendar Round

Is a cyclical timekeeping system used by the ancient Mayans

Tzolk’in

Or the Count of Days is 260-day ritual calendar consisting of 20 named days combined with 13 numbers.

Haab’

Is a 365-day solar calendar made up of 18 months and 20 days, plus a short 5-day period called Wayeb’

18980 days or 52 Haab’ years

The combination of Tzolk’in and Haab’ produces a repeating cycle of how many days? How many years? After this cycle, the same calendar date would recur

The Calendar Round

Was used to schedule riituals, agricultural activities, and civic events

El Castillo

Or the Temple of Kukulkan, is a step pyramid located in Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico. It was constructed by the Itza Maya between the 8th century and 12th century CE and dedicated to the deity Kukulkan, a feathered serpent god

El Castillo

The pyramid has four staircases with 91 steps each, plus a single platform at the top, totaling 365 steps— symbolizing the days of the solar year. What was the name of this temple?

Inca Civilization

Is an ancient Mesoamerican Civilization that popped up around the 13th Century. It is regarded as the Largest Mesoamerican civilization which encompasses modern-day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and parts of Chile, Colombia, and Argentina.In

Inca Civilization

This mesoamerican civilization is known for its great and innovative engineers

Qhapag Nan

Also known as the Royal Road of the Inca Civilization, it spans 40,000 kilometers and has two main highways; Peru to Chile and Ecuador to Argentina

Quechua

What was the official Language of the Inca Civilization?

Quipu

This was the way the Inca Civilization kept their records. It used variously colored threads knotted in different ways, mianly for tax records, census records, calendar information, etc.

Machu Picchu

This famous wonder of the world originated from the Inca Civilization

Francisco Pizarra

The Inca Civilization was subdued by this Spanish conquistador from the years 1532 - 1572. What is his name?

Aztec Civilization

This ancient mesoamerican civilization lasted from the 15th to early 16th century and ruled a large emprire in what is now known as central and southern Mexico

Aztlan

The name Aztec is derived from what word meaning “White Land” or “Land of White”

260-day festival and 365-day solar calendars

What were the two types of aztec calendars?

Nahuatl language

Was the Indigenous American language of the Uto-Aztecan family, spoken in central and western Mexico

Hernan Cortes

Was a spanish conquistador who is best remembered for conquering the Aztec Empire in 1521 and claiming Mexico for Spain.

Human sacrifices

What was the kind of ritual/s embraced by the aztecs? Given that their gods, all the gods, had sacrificed their blood and lives in creating the world and everything in it.

Aztec Calendar Stone

Is actually a ceremonial container or altar linked to the sun god

Abacus or Suanpan

Is the oldest known counting tool, has the chinese name _______, which is an ancient kind of chinese calculator

Han Dynasty

The Chinese Abacus is the oldest known counting tool that dates back over 2500 years, with its origins believed to be during what Dynasty in the 2nd century BC?

Wood, beads, and other various materials

What was the chinese abacus made from?

Thirteen rods, heaven, earth

Has _________ ____ and is divided into two decks by a horizontal beam. The upper deck, known as "________", has two beads on each rod, with each bead having a value of five. The lower deck, known as " _____" , has five beads per rod, each with a value of one.

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division

The Chinese abacus is used for what 4 basic operations in mathematics?

Accupuncture

Developed in Ancient China over 2000 years ago during the Han Dynasty. It is based on the concept of Qi, or the body’s vital energy, flowing through meridians.

Qi

Accupuncture is based on what chinese belief?

Needles

What is used in the application of chinese accupuncture?

Lighter, cheaper, and easier to produce than silk

What were the three selling points of paper and the movable printing press?

Paper and movable printing press

Invented in China durin ght eHan Dynasty around AD 105. It is lighter, cheaper, and easier to produce than silk, wood, or bamboo, facilitating a wider spread of literature, administrative records, and the arts.

Painting and calligraphy

Paper with brush and ink established the most important areas of Chinese Art which is?

Hemp, bark, and old cloth

Ancient Chinese paper was made from what three ingredients?

Printing press

Helped increase access to education and information in Ancient China

Porcelain

Is a fine, white, shiny type of pottery. It is made from kaolin clay, fired at high temperature and is known to be hard but smooth and is often decorated.Por

Porcelain

It was invented in the Tang Dynasty . It was perfected during the Song and Ming Dynasties, later becoming a major Chinese export.

Porcelain

It was used as a vase, plates, bowls, and even as cups. Its comon designs depicts dragons, flowers, or landscapes and was mostly painted in blue and white,

Porcelain

Was highly valued by royalty and nobles worldwide. It was traded along the Silk Road and by sea which became a symbol of wealth and elegance.

Seres

Meaning “The Land where the silk comes from”

The land where silk comes from

The word “Seres’ was used by the Greeks and Romans to call and describe Ancient China. This word means?

Sericulture

Is the cultivation and production of silk

Silk Road

The popularity of silk lead to global trade and the creation of the ____ ____ connecting many regions.

Silk Road

Is a network of trade routes connected to different countries

Gunpowder

Originated around 142 AD, it discovery was accidental but a Chinese Taoist Chemist, but by the 10th century, its military potential was realized and it began to be used in warefare.Mo

Mongol Wars

Notable early use of Gunpowder which revolutionized combat tactics

Chinese Abacus, Acupuncture, and Gunpowder

Name 3 of the most significant innovations in Ancient China

Great Wall of China

In 220 B.C 2, this wonder of the world was built under Qin Shi Huang also known as the first emperor of a unified China

Qin Shi Huang

The construction of the great wall of china started under his rule, he is also known as the first emperor of a unified China

Great Wall of China

Built as a defense system to protect the territory against invasions from the north.

20,000 kilometers

What is the total length of the Great wall of China

National Symbol of Protection

How was/is the Great Wall of China significant to its country and people?

Tea

Is believed to have originated in the Yunnan province of China, with records dating back to 2737 BC

Yunnan province

Tea is believed to have originated in China dating back as far as 2737BC, where exactly in China?

Tea

It was used for medicinal purposed and was consumed for its refreshing qualities, then later became a popular drink in the 3rd century CE.

Tea

Tthe legend states that this Chinese stapple was discovered by a Chinese legend, Emperor Shen Nong, when leaves from Camellia bush accidentally fell into boiling water

Emperor Shen Nong

According to Chinese legends, who discovered Tea?

Pyramids

Served as tombs for Egyptian Royals. The Egyptian beliveed the soul remained conscious after death, as death was seen as the start of a journey to the next world, which inspired the Egyptians to build this structure.

Pyramid of Khufu

Also known as the Great Pyramid of Giza and Greek words Cheops, is the largest of the three pyramids with the height of 146 meters

The Great Pyramid of Giza

The Pyramid of Khufu is also known as the?

Pharaoh Khufu

The Great Pyramid of Giza was built by ________ _____, who was the second king of Egypt's Fourth Dynasty, and the first Egyptian king to build a pyrmid in Giza around 2580–2560 BCE

The Great Pyramid of Giza

Built as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu and to protect treasures. It Is made up of about 2.3 million stone blocks, and each block weighs between 2.5 to 15 tons.

Pyramid of Khafre

Also known as the Pyramid of Chephren, it is the second largest pyramid at 136 meters in height

Pharaoh Khafre

The Pyramid of his name sake also known as the Pyramid of Chephren, was built by who?

Son

Pharaoh Khafre was the ___ of Pharaoh Khufu

Pyramid of Menkaure

Also known as The Pyramid of Mykerinos, is the smallest pyramid of the three pyramid with the height of 65 meters (now 61 m).

Pharaoh Menkaure

It was built by ______ ______, son of Pharaoh Khafre, around 2532–2503 BCE and has more complicated chambers than Khafre’s.

The Great Sphinx of Giza

Located near the pyramids and built around 2500 BCE during the reign of Pharaoh Khafre (4th Dynasty), It represents a creature with the head of a man (human intelligence) with a body of a lion (animal strength), wearing a royal headdress.