Anatomy Unit 1

levels of organization in living things

1. atom

2. molecule

3. macromolecules

4. organelles

5. cells

6. tissue

7. organs

8. organ systems

9. organism

requirements for living things

1. water

2. food

3. oxygen

4. heat

5. pressure

atomspheric pressure vs. hydrostatic pressure

atomspheric = force exerted by the weight of the air (for breathing)

hydrostatic = force extered by a fluid (for blood pressure)

how is homeostasis maintained?

1. receptors

2. control center

3. effectors

what does a receptor do?

provides information about stimuli in the enviornment

what does the control center do?

knows the set point (what a particular value should be)

what do effectors do?

elict a response that alters conditions in the internal enviornment

negative feedback

change that causes a reponse toward direction of the body’s set point

positive feedback

change that causes a response to increase the direction away from the body’s set point

what organs are in the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

what is the function of the integumentary system?

protects underlying tissue, regulates body temperature, and contains sensory receptors

what organs are in the endocrine system?

pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, pancreas

what is the function of the endocrine system?

secrete hormones which trigger metabolic function

what organs are in the muscular system?

cardiac, skeletal, and smooth tendons, muscles

what is the function of the muscular system?

to provide the force needed for movement

what organs are in the skeletal system?

bone, ligaments, cartilage

what is the function of the skeletal system?

provides a framework and protective shield for soft tissure and produces blood cells

what organs are in the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, nerves, central and peripheral systems

what is the function of the nervous system?

stimulates muscles to contract and activates organs and glands (body communication)

what organs are in the digestive system?

mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines

what is the function of the digestive system?

converts food molecules into macromolecules that are absorbed

what organs are in the respiratory system?

lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea

what is the function of the respiratory system?

exchanges gases between the air and blood

what organs are in the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, uniary bladder, urethra

what is the function of the urinary system?

to remove waste from the blood and help to maintain water balance

what organs are in the cardiovascular system?

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

to transport products and materials throughout the body

what organs are in the reproductive system?

male and female reproductive organs

what is the function of the reproductive system?

to produce new organisms and variation

what organs are in the lymphatic system?

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

detacts foreign cells and stimulates a response against infection, illness, and disease

anatomical position assumes the body is:

standing, facing forward, arms at side, palms facing forward

what is the axial skeleton/trunk?

head and middle

what is the appendicular skeleton?

arms and legs

superior vs. inferior

above vs. below (axial)

anterior vs. posterior

front vs. back

medial vs. lateral

towards middle vs. further away (axial)

proximal vs. distal

close vs. far from point of attachment (appendicular)

contralateral vs. ipsilateral

opposite side vs. same side of body

superficial vs. deep

closer to the surface of the body vs. away from surface

what is a body plane?

imaginary line drawn through upright body in anatomical position

what is the sagittal plane?

vertical line that divides body into left and right portions

what is the coronal plane?

vertical line that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

what is the transverse plane?

horizontal line that divides body into superior and inferior sections

what does the parietal membrane cover?

line walls/cavity of an organ

what fluid is inbetween the parietal and visceral pleural?

serous fluid

what does the visceral membrane cover?

organs

what is the membranes covering the abdominal cavities called?

peritoneum/peritoneal

if blood glucose increases…

pancreas releases insulin and cells take up more glucose

if blood glucose decreases…

pancreas releases glucagon and liver releases glucose

if blood temperature increases…

dermal blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete sweat

if blood temperature decreases…

dermal blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive and muscles contract involuntarily