Native American Cultures Exam 4

Makah climate and enviornment

Rain, dense forests, marine resources, woodworking, seasonal round

What is the Makah seasonal round?

Spring - whaling, summer - gathering, fishing, woodworking, fall - berry picking, land animal hunting, winter - art, storytelling, ceremonies

Makah subsistence practices

Forests, land, marine, whaling

Makah forest subsistence

Berries, roots, sprouts

Makah land animal subsistence

Elk, deer, bear

Makah marine subsistence

Salmon, halibut, otters, seals, whales

Makah whale subsistence

Crew of 8, 30-ft canoe, how it’s caught, ritual behavior

Makah settlement patterns

Villages, longhouses

Makah villages

5 permanent villages (fall-spring), 3 temporary villages (summer)

Makah longhouses

Cedar pole, 60 ft long, 30 people per longhouse, up to 20 longhouses per village, sleeping in nuclear families

Makah social and political organization

3 class system, bilateral kinship, inheritance, longhouse family head, potlatch

First contacts with Makah

Spanish in 1774, James Cook in 1778

Development of Sea Trade

Heyday, near extinction, smallpox, confederacies

When was the heyday of the trade?

1790-1840W

When were sea otters driven to near extinction?

By 1840

Treaty of Neah Bay

Date, members from all 5 villages, created reservation, rights, Neah Bay Indian Agency, cultural eradication, potlatches outlawed

Treaty consequences

Introduction of cash economy and wage labor, by 1890s no chiefs, impact of disease and lost knowledge

What date was the Treaty of Neah Bay signed?

January 31, 1855

Makah in the present

Government assistance, lack of jobs, cultural center, cultural revival

Removal of the Gray Whale from the endangered species list

Last whale hunt, Ozette, removed, accidental catch, IWC approval, successful hunt

When was the last successful whale hunt before the ban?

1913

When was a whale accidentally caught?

1995

When did the IWC approve the hunt?

1996W

When was the first successful hunt?

1999

Whale hunt protesting groups

Sea Shepherd Society, The Sea Defense Alliance, anti-treaty politicians

Protestors’ use of stereotypes

savage/noble Indian, true Indian, not traditional enough