The Integumentary System: Skin Pigmentation, The Dermis, and The Hypodermis

Visible light is a form of ___________ produced by energy sources like the sun.

electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation travels away from its energy source in __________.

waves

The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next wave is called __________.

wavelength

Shorter wavelengths correspond to __________ energy, while longer wavelengths correspond to __________ energy.

higher; lower

Examples of higher energy, shorter wavelength forms of EM radiation include __________, __________, and __________.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation; X-rays; Gamma rays

The colors of light from long wavelength to short wavelength are represented by the acronym __________.

ROYGBIV

White light is a combination of all the __________ wavelengths.

visible light

Pigments are molecules that absorb some wavelengths of light and __________ others.

reflect

A red pigment absorbs all visible wavelengths except __________ light.

red

A black pigment absorbs __________ wavelengths of visible light.

all

Melanin is produced and secreted by __________ in the skin.

melanocytes

The primary function of melanin is to absorb __________ radiation and protect nuclear DNA.

UV

Darker skin color is due to more __________ secretion.

melanin

Albinism is a disease that prevents __________ production.

melanin

Hemoglobin binds to and carries __________ in red blood cells.

oxygen (O2)

Deoxygenated blood appears __________ when seen through the epidermis.

blue

The blue color to skin due to lack of oxygen in blood is called __________.

cyanosis

Cyanosis can cause tissue death due to lack of __________.

oxygen

Cyanosis is seen easiest where the epidermis is __________.

thinnest

Carotene is an orange pigment produced by __________.

keratinocytes

The dermis contains two layers: __________ layer and __________ layer.

papillary; reticular

The papillary layer is composed of __________ connective tissue.

areolar

The reticular layer is composed of __________ connective tissue.

dense irregular

The dermal plexus controls blood flow to and from __________ in the dermis.

capillaries

Friction ridges on top of dermal ridges create __________ on palms and soles.

prominent peaks and valleys

The hypodermis is a thick layer of __________ tissue and areolar connective tissue.

adipose

The hypodermis provides __________ absorption and thermal insulation.

shock

The hypodermis is highly __________, containing lots of capillaries.

vascularized

The primary organ in the body that produces skin pigmentation is __________.

the skin

Skin color affects skin cancer risk; darker skin color is linked to __________ risk of developing skin cancer.

lower

Melanin accumulation occurs around the __________ in skin cells.

nuclei

The epidermis is more __________ in light-skinned individuals, making hemoglobin visible.

transparent

Hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen appears __________ in color.

bright red

People with albinism have the __________ skin color, hair color, and eye color.

lightest

Cyanosis can indicate a serious medical condition due to lack of __________ in the blood.

oxygen

The papillary layer has __________ beds that support living cells.

capillary

The reticular layer contains hair follicles and __________ glands.

exocrine

The dermis contains sensory receptors that help us __________.

feel

The __________ is not considered part of the skin itself.

hypodermis

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis primarily serves to store __________.

fat

The term 'dermatome' refers to the area of skin supplied by a single __________.

spinal nerve

Skin pigmentation is largely dependent on the amount of __________ produced.

melanin

The S. basale is the layer where melanocytes __________ melanin.

produce

The S. corneum is where carotene can __________.

accumulate

In skin, the primary role of melanin is to protect against __________ damage.

UV radiation

Another key function of skin is to regulate __________ temperature.

body

The epidermal ridges enhance __________ for grip.

friction

Blood in capillaries can give the skin a __________ appearance in light-skinned individuals.

reddish

When blood is deoxygenated, it may cause the skin to appear __________.

cyanotic

The most abundant protein in skin that assists in its structure is __________.

collagen

The dermis contains two distinct layers: the __________ layer and the reticular layer.

papillary

Skin color variation is attributed to the activity of __________, not the number of melanocytes.

melanin secretion

Friction ridges contribute to an individual's unique __________ pattern.

fingerprint

The primary role of adipose tissue in the hypodermis is shock __________.

absorption