The Integumentary System: Skin Pigmentation, The Dermis, and The Hypodermis

Visible light is a form of ___ produced by energy sources like the sun.

electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation travels away from its energy source in __.

waves

Visible light is a form of ___ produced by energy sources like the sun.

electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation travels away from its energy source in __.

waves

The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next wave is called __.

wavelength

Shorter wavelengths correspond to energy, while longer wavelengths correspond to energy.

higher; lower

Examples of higher energy, shorter wavelength forms of EM radiation include __, __, and __.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation; X-rays; Gamma rays

The colors of light from long wavelength to short wavelength are represented by the acronym __.

ROYGBIV

White light is a combination of all the __ wavelengths.

visible light

Pigments are molecules that absorb some wavelengths of light and __ others.

reflect

A red pigment absorbs all visible wavelengths except __ light.

red

A black pigment absorbs __ wavelengths of visible light.

all

Melanin is produced and secreted by __ in the skin.

melanocytes

The primary function of melanin is to absorb __ radiation and protect nuclear DNA.

UV

Darker skin color is due to more __ secretion.

melanin

Albinism is a disease that prevents __ production.

melanin

Hemoglobin binds to and carries __ in red blood cells.

oxygen (O2)

Deoxygenated blood appears __ when seen through the epidermis.

blue

The blue color to skin due to lack of oxygen in blood is called __.

cyanosis

Cyanosis can cause tissue death due to lack of __.

oxygen

Cyanosis is seen easiest where the epidermis is __.

thinnest

Carotene is an orange pigment produced by __.

keratinocytes

The dermis contains two layers: layer and layer.

papillary; reticular

The papillary layer is composed of __ connective tissue.

areolar

The reticular layer is composed of __ connective tissue.

dense irregular

The dermal plexus controls blood flow to and from __ in the dermis.

capillaries

Friction ridges on top of dermal ridges create __ on palms and soles.

prominent peaks and valleys

The hypodermis is a thick layer of __ tissue and areolar connective tissue.

adipose

The hypodermis provides __ absorption and thermal insulation.

shock

The hypodermis is highly __, containing lots of capillaries.

vascularized

The primary organ in the body that produces skin pigmentation is __.

the skin

Skin color affects skin cancer risk; darker skin color is linked to __ risk of developing skin cancer.

lower

Melanin accumulation occurs around the __ in skin cells.

nuclei

The epidermis is more __ in light-skinned individuals, making hemoglobin visible.

transparent

Hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen appears __ in color.

bright red

People with albinism have the __ skin color, hair color, and eye color.

lightest

Cyanosis can indicate a serious medical condition due to lack of __ in the blood.

oxygen

The papillary layer has __ beds that support living cells.

capillary

The reticular layer contains hair follicles and __ glands.

exocrine

The dermis contains sensory receptors that help us __.

feel

The __ is not considered part of the skin itself.

hypodermis

Adipose tissue in the hypodermis primarily serves to store __.

fat

The term 'dermatome' refers to the area of skin supplied by a single __.

spinal nerve

Skin pigmentation is largely dependent on the amount of __ produced.

melanin

The S. basale is the layer where melanocytes __ melanin.

produce

The S. corneum is where carotene can __.

accumulate

In skin, the primary role of melanin is to protect against __ damage.

UV radiation

Another key function of skin is to regulate __ temperature.

body

The epidermal ridges enhance __ for grip.

friction

Blood in capillaries can give the skin a __ appearance in light-skinned individuals.

reddish

When blood is deoxygenated, it may cause the skin to appear __.

cyanotic

The most abundant protein in skin that assists in its structure is __.

collagen

The dermis contains two distinct layers: the __ layer and the reticular layer.

papillary

Skin color variation is attributed to the activity of __, not the number of melanocytes.

melanin secretion

Friction ridges contribute to an individual's unique __ pattern.

fingerprint

The primary role of adipose tissue in the hypodermis is shock __.

absorption