Lipids

in the fasting state most plasma triglycerides are present in ____.

VLDL

in the postprandial state, _____ appear transiently and contribute significantly to the total plasma triglycerides concentration.

chylomicrons

____ normally carries about 70% of total plasma cholesterol but very little triglycerides.

LDL

____ contains about 20-30% of plasma cholesterol.

HDL

____ are the transport forms of lipids.

lipoproteins

which lipoprotein refers to enterocytes to hepatocytes (endocytosis via apo-E)?

chylomicrons

which lipoprotein refers to liver to blood (effect LPL, IDL to LDL)?

VLDL

which lipoprotein refers to from blood to tissue cells (LDL-R, apo-B100)?

LDL

which lipoprotein refers to the scavenger of cholesterol?

HDL

which lipoprotein is associated with apo B-48?

chylomicrons

which lipoprotein is associated with apo B-100 (only)?

LDL

which lipoprotein is associated with apo A-I and A-II?

HDL

the major lipid of chylomicrons and VLDL is ____.

triglycerides

the major lipid of IDL, LDL, and HDL is ____.

cholesterol

if refrigerated, a creamy layer atop plasma indicates excess

____.

chylomicrons

if refrigerated, turbid or opaque plasma indicates abundant ____.

VLDL

if refrigerated, which lipoprotein(s), even if present in excess, will NOT visibly alter plasma?

LDL; HDL

the synthesis of lipids in the liver is _____ per day.

1.5g

lipid metabolism in foods is _____ per day (40% of a typical American diet).

150-300

which path of lipid metabolism is described:

• absorption pathway

• micelle formation

• lipid release:

  • chylomicron release (apo-B48)

1

which path of lipid metabolism is described:

• exogenous pathway

• chylomicron, lipolysis, LPL, and apo-CII

• free fatty acids bound to albumin

2

which path of lipid metabolism is described:

• endogenous pathway

• VLDL, IDL, LDL, and apo-B100

• LDL R

3

which path of lipid metabolism is described:

• reverse cholesterol transport pathway

• HDL role

4

the AHA recommendation of a safe level of cholesterol is ____.

<200 mg/dL

cholesterol is ____ in the following:

• hypothyroidism

• liver disease

• nephrotic syndrome

• diabetes mellitus

increased

cholesterol is ____ in the following:

• hyperthyroidism

• malabsorption

• impaired liver function

decreased

on average, each 1% reduction in cholesterol (2-3 mg/dL) results in a ~2% reduction in ____ incidence (a relationship of considerable clinical and public health significance).

coronary heart disease (CHD)

if a risk ratio of 1.0 is arbitrarily assigned at a ____ value of 200 mg/dL, the risk ratio increases to 2.0 at 250 mg/dL and to 4.0 at 300 mg/dL.

cholesterol

the critical phase of coronary arteries covered by plaque is ____.

60%

which lipoprotein is described below:

• the “hero”

• inversely correlated with coronary artery disease (CAD)

• transfers cholesterol from cells back to the liver

HDL

the reference interval of ____ is >45 mg/dL in men and >55 mg/dL in women.

HDL

the following factors will cause HDL-C to be ____:

• estrogen (women)

• exercise

increased

the following factors will cause HDL-C to be ____:

• progesterone

• obesity

• smoking

• triglycerides

• diabetes

decreased

which lipoprotein is described below:

• the “villain”

• directly correlated with coronary artery disease (CAD)

• carries cholesterol from site of origin into the blood (or cells)

LDL

the optimal range range for LDL is ____.

<100 mg/dL

the following reference intervals are for which lipoprotein?

• near or above optimal: 100-129 mg/dL

• borderline high: 130-159 mg/dL

• high: 160-189 mg/dL

• very high: >190 mg/dL

LDL

which lipid is considered an independent risk factor?

triglycerides

the following conditions may cause ____ triglycerides:

• collecting sample in a glycerol-stoppered tube

• stress (epinephrine effect)

• diabetes mellitus

• non-fasting sample

increased

the sum of VLDL and LDL refers to:

non-HDL cholesterol

_____ is calculated routinely as total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol.

non-HDL cholesterol

non-HDL cholesterol includes all lipoproteins that contain ____.

apo-B

people with high levels of non-HDL cholesterol are at a higher risk for ____.

atherosclerosis

if triglycerides are >200 mg/dL and LDL (abnormal) cholesterol is <100 mg/dL (normal), look for ____.

non-HDL cholesterol

what lipoprotein is described below:

• similar to LDL in structure

• it has unique apo(a) linked to apo-B100

• directly correlated with CAD

• not affected by lifestyle factors (diet, exercise, smoking)

• risk increases at levels >30 mg/dL

LP (a)

what lipid disorder refers to the most notorious consequence of high cholesterol (LDL and/or IDL)?

atherosclerosis

what lipid disorder is best described below:

• plasma cholesterol level >200 mg/dL

• related to high LDL

• most common primary cause is FH (AD deficiency of LDL-R or LDL-R activity)

• secondary causes: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome

predominant hypercholesterolemia

what lipid disorder is best described below:

• related to elevated VLDL or chylomicrons

• secondary causes: heavy alcohol consumption, obesity, hepatitis

• primary causes:

  • familial LPL deficiency, familial apo-CII deficiency, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome

predominant hypertriglyceridemia

HDL levels ____ is an independent risk factor for pre-mature atherosclerosis.

<35 mg/dL

what lipid disorder is described below:

• autosomal recessive disorder

• low cholesterol, high triglycerides

• absent HDL and apo-A1

• cholesteryl esters deposits in tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen

tangier disease

the following are a list of major risk factors for _____ per ATP-III:

• smoking

• hypertension

• low HDL

• family history

• age >45 (men) and >55 (women)

coronary artery disease (CAD)

for cholesterol analysis, serum or plasma fasting for at least ____ are usually preferred.

12 hours

if cholesterol analysis is delayed, the serum/plasma specimen can be refrigerated at _____ for several days.

4°C

described below is the ____ method of cholesterol analysis:

• free cholesterol in the presence of O2 reacts with cholesterol oxidase to yield H2O2

• rate of O2 consumption, or reaction of H2O2 with a chromogen and read spectrophotometrically

• interferences: reducing substances (ascorbic acid, bilirubin) and turbidity

enzyme

_____ is often estimates as triglycerides / 5 (when expressed in mg/dL) OR triglycerides / 2.2 (when expressed in mmol/L).

VLDL

_____ analytical assessment is invalid if triglycerides are >400 mg/dL and chylomicrons are present.

VLDL

the following sample collection instructions are described for the analysis of _____.

• serum is sample of choice

• plasma 2-5% lower

• 12-16 hours fasting, peak lipemia in plasma is reached 2-4 hours after the meal

• must be collected in glycerol free tubes

triglycerides

it takes around ____ to clear plasma of exogenous triglycerides (chylomicrons).

10-12 hours

if a sample appears milky, this indicates ____ excess.

triglycerides