AP PSYCH UNIT1

unit 1 of psychology

Reticular formation

Reticular formation

a nerve network TRAVELING through the brainstem into the thalamus and plays an important role in controlling attention in AROUSAL and ALERTNESS

Medulla

in charge of breathing and HEART BEAT (med-dul-la = ba-du-bump)

PONs

connects cerebellum and brainstem and movement/sleep

cerebellum

B A L A N C E and coordination, judgment. WHEN DRUNK ITS AFFECTED!!!

thalamus (touching the llamas)

receives SENSORY information, directs messages to cerebellum and medulla

limbic system (EMOTIONS)

emotional drives with amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus

amygdala

ANGRY AGGRESSION

hippocampus

camping memories of facts and events

HYPO-thalamus

directs maintenance like eating drinking body temp and pituitary gland (emotion/reward)

corpus callosum —> split brain

fibers connecting the hemispheres together, severing it can treat epilepsy

cerebral cortex

ULTIMATE CORTEX, information processing and perceptual awareness/thinking/speaking/consciousness

front of the head —> FRONTAL LOBE

prefrontal cortex lives here has broca’s area and motor movements and controls judgment and decisions/personalities.

norepinephrine

a neurotrasnmitter in charge of AROUSAL AND ALRETNESS

occiptial lobes

visual fields of opposite eyes for processing

temoporal lobes / auditory cortex

EARS, auditory areas, has wernicke’s area for language comprehension

parietal lobe

pari painful (vary painful) in charge of pain pressure and temp and has SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

somatosensory cortex

specified area of the lobe that takes in sensory input

electroencephalogram (EEG)

electrodes on scalp to measure electrical neuron activity

functional ,magnetic resonance imagine (FMRI)

measures blood flow to brain regions by comparing multiple MRI scans

Brain LE-sONs

deliberatley removing parts of brain to see effect, done with rats usually

left eye controls _____ hand and processed in ______ side of brain

right eye controls ____ hand and processed on _____ side of brain

right hand and left side of brain (broca area association with speech on left side)

neuroplasticity

brains ability to change and reorganize after damage/experience.

neurogenesis

ability to produce new neurons

removing ______ will cause you to become extremely hungry and thirsty all the time

hypothalamus (hypos are hype to eat)

even though he felt safe his heart rate would not calm down, his eyes were big and food no digest. what failed him?

Parasympathetic nervous system : which control's the body's fight or flight response and ability to relax

she realized she damaged her ______ neurons because she was bleeding but couldn’t feel anything

sensory

she couldn't feel anything her ______ were damaged

somatosensory cortex

Circadian rhythm

natrual internal clock and the changes in each phase

disruption to circadian rhythms

jet lag shift work, anything prolonging hours of being awake as well as excessive sleep at wrong times.

NREM 1 & 2

categorized as light sleep, heartbeat, eye movements, brain waves, and breathing activity begin to taper down. then your brain waves slow down and have noticeable pauses

NREM 3

deep sleep, your brain waves are short but strong. the body takes this time to reinforce immune system and repair injuries

Hypngogic sensations take place in _______

NREM 1 and are brief hallucinations that take place as you're falling asleep.

REM SLEEP (paradixucal)

parodoxical indicates similarities to awareness, the brain acts as if it is somewhat awake. rapid eye movment, irregular movement, high heart rate, increased brain activity, dreams

REM REBOUND

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. accompanied by vivid dreams, increased depth and intensity of primary rem SLEEP,

whats the correct order? : A) NREM 1 , 2 , 3 REM 4 B) NREM 2 1 3 REM 4 C) REM, NREM 1 2 3

C

spend more time in _____ as night goes on

REM

Spend less time in ____ as night goes on

NREM 3

spend very little time in ____

NREM 1

memory consolidation

the theory that sleeps helps us think and process what happened through thee day and save memories

restoration

theory that sleep is meant to restore the body and cells

insomnia

the disorder making it hard to fall asleep

narcolepsy

uncontrollable sleep attacks

sleep apnea

temporary stopping of breathing throughout the night

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder:

Rare sleep disorder where individual acts out their dream

Somnambulism

sleeping walking through NREM 3

Adoption studies

Finding hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and their biological/ adoptive parents

family studies

assess hereditary influence by examining BLOOD RELATIVES to see how much the resemble EACHOTHER on a specific trait

twin studies

looking at environmental vs hereditary on the similarity and comparing between identical and fraternal twins

somatic nervous system

peripheral nervous system that controls VOLUNTARY movement

sympathetic nervous system

dividion of nervous system that mobilizes body’s resources during stress emergencies FIGHT OR FLIGHT

opiods

drugs for pain relief and euphoria

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions: ex alcohol

Hallucinogens

drugs that make you hallucinate such as marijuana

stimulants

raises neural activity in the brain such as caffeine or cocaine

agonist

medication that MIMICS the intended neurotransmitter and acitivates receptor

antagonist

forces itself into receptor, no activation but it prevents activation from agonist and neurotransmitters

reuptake inhibitor

stop or delay the body from reabsorbing a substance and leaves more for the bodyy to use, prolonging effects

Gilal Cells

Regulatory cells maintaining all bodily functions and restoration of mylein

Sensory Neurons

Neurons allowing us to feel things

Motor neurons

In charge of transmitting signals through the body for movement

Interneurons

Serves as the connector between motor and sensory,Sensory, process Sensory and makes motor neurons react to the Sensory. Plays a big role in learning memory and cognitive functions

Reflex Arc

Controls involuntary reactions to stimuli, built on sensory motor neurons

Resting potential

The electric charge of a Neuron when not actively sending signals

Depolarization

Movement of cell becoming more positive or less negative, When a neuron is depolarized, it is more likely to fire an action potential.

Refractory Period

Time where it's impossible for another fire to take place usually right after it fires

Reuptake

allows neurotransmitters to be reused and helps regulate neurotransmitter levels present in the synapse.

Excitatory neurotransmitters

chemicals that cause a neuron to "fire off a message" by passing it along to the next cell

Excitatory or Inhibitory?: Glutamate

Excitatory

Excitatory or Inhibitory? : Norepinephrine

Excitatory (n)

Excitatory or Inhibitory?: epinephrine

Excitatory (e)

Excitatory or Inhibitory? GABA

Inhibitory (Gb)

Excitatory or Inhibitory? Histamine

Excitatory (h)

Excitatory or Inhibitory? Acetylcholine

Excitatory (a)

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Messengers that block or reduce cell transmission across synapse, making it unlikely that a target cell would take action (decreases action potential)

Excitatory or Inhibitory?: serotonin

Inhibitory (s)

Excitatory or Inhibitory?: dopamine

Inhibitory (d) and excitatory

What does Serotonin do

Contributes to wellbeing and happiness, helps sleep regulate

What does Dopamine do

Releases feelings of pleasure and reward, usually linked with addiction

What do Endorphins do

Create euphoria, released during exercise and excitement and overall feeling of well-being

What does Glutamate do

Involved with learning and memory, most common. Regulates development and creation of nerve contacts

What does Acetylcholine do

Involved in thought, and learning processes and activates muscle action in the body. Associated with awakening, A(cetycholine) A(wake)

what does GABA do

Creates calmness, high levels improve focus, low levels cause anxiety and contributes to motor and vision.

What does Norepinephrine do

Increases alertness arousal and attention

What does substance p do

transmission of pain information into the central nervous system

Leptin function

Regulates appetite and energy

Ghrelin

Increases appetite and signals brain that you're hungry

Oxytocin function

Love hormone