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Electromotive Force (emf)
The potential difference of a source when no current is flowing.
Internal Resistance
The resistance within a voltage source that affects the output voltage when a current flows.
Terminal Voltage
The voltage measured between the terminals of a battery, affected by the internal resistance and the current flowing.
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
States that a DC voltage source delivers maximum power to a variable load resistor when the load resistance equals the source resistance.
Multimeter
A measuring instrument that can measure voltage (V), current (A), and resistance (Ω).
Ammeter
An instrument used for measuring electric current, which must be connected in series with the circuit.
Voltmeter
An instrument used for measuring voltage, which must be connected in parallel with the component.
Resistance (R)
The opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit, calculated as R = V/I based on Ohm's Law.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
States that the total current entering a junction is equal to the total current leaving the junction.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
States that the sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop is equal to the sum of the EMFs in that loop.
Wheatstone Bridge
A method for measuring unknown resistance using two known resistors and a variable resistor, balanced to find the unknown.
Fuse
A safety device that breaks the circuit if too much current flows, protecting the wiring and appliances.
DC Voltage
Direct Current voltage, represented in multimeters by a solid line.
AC Voltage
Alternating Current voltage, represented in multimeters by a sine wave symbol.
Tolerance in Resistors
The allowable variation in resistance value, commonly ±5%, meaning 10kΩ could actually be between 9.5kΩ and 10.5kΩ.
Breadboard
A reusable board for rapid prototyping that allows for the easy connection of electronic components.
What is Ohm's Law?
Ohm's Law states that the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance, expressed as V = IR.
What does a capacitor do?
A capacitor stores electrical energy temporarily and releases it when needed.
What is a diode?
A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only.
What is a transistor?
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals.
What is alternating current (AC)?
AC is an electric current that periodically reverses direction, commonly used in power supply.
What is direct current (DC)?
DC is an electric current that flows in a constant direction, used in batteries.
What is a series circuit?
In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end, so the same current flows through all components.
What is a parallel circuit?
In a parallel circuit, components are connected across the same voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current.
What is the unit of electric power?
The unit of electric power is the watt (W), defined as one joule per second.
What is ground in electrical systems?
Ground is a reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, often connected to the earth for safety.
