Chapter 9 Water Resources

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20 Terms

1

What are the benefits and drawbacks of different methods of irrigation?

Aquifers can be depleted if overused; waterlogging can occur; flood irrigation has high evaporation losses; drip irrigation is most efficient but expensive.

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2

What is the largest human use of freshwater?

Irrigation accounts for 70% of the world's freshwater use.

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3

What are impervious surfaces, and how do they affect the environment?

Human-made structures that don't allow water to reach the soil, leading to reduced groundwater recharge and increased flood risk.

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4

What are the types of irrigation?

Drip irrigation, flood irrigation, furrow irrigation, and spray irrigation.

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5

What is an unconfined aquifer?

An aquifer made of porous rock covered by soil, allowing water to flow easily in and out.

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6

What is a confined aquifer?

An aquifer surrounded by impermeable rock or clay that impedes water flow into and out of the aquifer.

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7

How does groundwater recharge occur?

Groundwater recharge occurs when precipitation percolates through the soil into an aquifer.

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8

What is saltwater intrusion?

The movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers, often caused by groundwater depletion near oceans.

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9

What are the negative effects of urbanization on the hydrologic cycle?

Depletion of resources and saltwater intrusion, along with decreased carbon dioxide due to fossil fuel use.

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10

How can water infiltration in urban areas be increased?

By reducing impervious surfaces, using permeable pavement, and increasing vegetation.

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11

What is the efficiency of drip irrigation compared to other methods?

Drip irrigation is over 95% efficient, making it the most efficient method.

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12

What impact does drought have on water resources?

Leads to water shortages, reduced plant growth, decreased recharge, and increased fire risk.

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13

What challenges are associated with desalinization?

It is energy intensive, and managing its waste products is challenging.

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14

What percentage of the world's freshwater is used for agriculture?

Approximately 70%.

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15

What is hydroponic agriculture and its benefits?

A cultivation method using nutrient-rich solutions; it uses up to 95% less water than traditional irrigation.

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16

What is the impact of waterlogging?

It can raise the groundwater table and inhibit plants' ability to absorb oxygen.

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17

Why is spray irrigation considered more efficient than flood irrigation?

Because it results in less water loss to evaporation and runoff.

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18

What percentage of the world’s freshwater is used for industrial purposes?

Roughly 20%.

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19

What is the role of groundwater recharge areas?

They allow water to percolate into confined aquifers.

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20

What proportion of the world's freshwater is used for domestic purposes?

Approximately 10%.

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