Inflammatory Mediators Cytokines

Initiate processand regulate the inflammatory

Active mediators are only produced inresponse to stimuli like microorganism andtheir products

These substances have short life spans

Most of them are product of your sentinelcells

Most of them are product of your sentinelcells

Cytokines✓ Chemokines✓ Vasoactive Molecules✓ Vasoactive Amines✓ Vasoactive Peptides✓ Vasoactive Lipids

Small secreted proteins have specificinteractions and communications betweencells.

Produced by sentinel inflammatory responsecells during an

Synthesize NOS2- nitric oxide

Synthesize COX2- generates inflammatorylipids (prostaglandin & leukotrienes)

Synthesize COX2- generates inflammatorylipids (prostaglandin & leukotrienes)

Synthesize COX2- generates inflammatorylipids (prostaglandin & leukotrienes)

Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α)✓ Interleukin-1✓ Interleukin-6

Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α)✓ Interleukin-1✓ Interleukin-6

Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α)✓ Interleukin-1✓ Interleukin-6

Triggers inflammation

Soluble or membrane-bound

Produced by endothelial cells, T cells and Bcells and fibroblasts.

Produced by endothelial cells, T cells and Bcells and fibroblasts.

Cleaved from the cell surface by proteasecalled TNF- α convertase.

Cleaved from the cell surface by proteasecalled TNF- α convertase.

Essential mediator of inflammation whencombined with interleukin-1, it triggerschanges in the vascular endothelial cellswhich lead to the cardinal signs ofinflammation.

Essential mediator of inflammation whencombined with interleukin-1, it triggerschanges in the vascular endothelial cellswhich lead to the cardinal signs ofinflammation.

Essential mediator of inflammation whencombined with interleukin-1, it triggerschanges in the vascular endothelial cellswhich lead to the cardinal signs ofinflammation.

Produces macrophages when stimulated byCD14 and TLR4

Produces macrophages when stimulated byCD14 and TLR4

Has two types: IL-1α and IL-1β

IL-1α: acts only on target cells that come indirect contact with macrophage

IL-1β: produce when a large pro-protein iscleaved by caspase-1 to form an activemolecule.

IL-1β circulates in the blood and is responsiblefor sickness behavior (along with TNF-α).

IL-1β circulates in the blood and is responsiblefor sickness behavior (along with TNF-α).

IL-1β acts on the brain to cause lethargy, malaise and lack of appetitefever,

IL-1β acts on the brain to cause lethargy, malaise and lack of appetitefever,

also mobilizes amino acids of the muscle cellsthus causing fatigue and pain.

also mobilizes amino acids of the muscle cellsthus causing fatigue and pain.

IL-1β also acts on hepatocytes to induce theproduction of new proteins (acute-phaseproteins) that assist in the body’s defense.

IL-1β also acts on hepatocytes to induce theproduction of new proteins (acute-phaseproteins) that assist in the body’s defense.

Glycoprotein produced by macrophages, Tcells and mast cells

Production is triggered by bacterialendotoxins as well as by IL-1 and TNF- α

Production is triggered by bacterialendotoxins as well as by IL-1 and TNF- α

Affects both innate and adaptive immunity

Produced by muscles during exercise.