BIOL 105 Diversity II Lab Study Deck

Vocabulary flashcards covering biological classification of the five kingdoms, genetics terms (karyotypes, genotypes, phenotypes), and modes of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Vertebrates

Organisms that have an internal skeleton made of bone, including primates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and fish.

Invertebrates

Organisms that do not have an internal skeleton made of bone, including annelids, sponges, cnidarians, echinoderms, mollusks, and arthropods.

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, motile organisms with no cell wall or chloroplasts that primarily reproduce sexually.

Kingdom Plantae Characteristics

Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic organisms with cell walls composed of cellulose that store food as starch.

Vascular Tissue

Specialized tissue in plants for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic materials throughout the plant body.

Kingdom Fungi Characteristics

Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular decomposers with cell walls composed of chitin.

Parasitic Fungi

Fungi that feed off of a live host.

Saprophytic Fungi

Fungi that feed off of a dead host.

Fruiting Body (Fungi)

A structure called a mushroom that releases spores into the air for reproduction.

Protozoans

Heterotrophic protists that ingest nutrients and use forms of locomotion such as cilia, pseudopods, or flagella.

Algae

Autotrophic protists with cell walls made of cellulose that can be unicellular or multicellular.

Kingdom Monera Characteristics

Unicellular, prokaryotic, and microscopic organisms with cell walls composed of peptidoglycan.

Cocci

Spherical-shaped bacteria.

Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria.

Spirilla

Spiral-shaped bacteria.

Gram positive

Bacteria that stain purple.

Gram negative

Bacteria that stain red.

Karyotype

The collection of homologous pairs in size order from largest to smallest, matched by size, shape (location of centromere), and staining pattern.

Autosomes

The $22$ pairs of human chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.

Sex Chromosomes

The $23rd$ pair of chromosomes in humans; females are $XX$ and males are $XY$.

Agglutination

The clumping that occurs when an antigen (such as Antigen A) reacts with its corresponding antibody (such as Anti-A serum).

Sex-Linked Traits

Traits found only on the sex chromosome, or the $23rd$ pair, such as colorblindness which is found on the $X$ chromosome.

Heredity

The passing of traits from one generation to the next.

Genetics

The science of heredity and hereditary variation.

Homologous Chromosomes

A structurally identical pair of chromosomes containing alleles of the same genes at corresponding locations, with one received from each parent.

Gene

The unit of inheritance, with one inherited from each parent.

Allele

A variation of a gene.

Phenotype

The physical expression or appearing trait of an organism, such as flower color or eye color.

Genotype

The actual alleles of an organism, such as $BB$, $Bb$, or $bb$.

Homozygous

A genotype that contains both dominant alleles ($BB$) or both recessive alleles ($bb$).

Heterozygous

A genotype that contains one dominant and one recessive allele ($Bb$).

Sexual Reproduction

A process involving two parents contributing genetic material to produce genetically unique offspring.

Asexual Reproduction

A process where one parent produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction where a parent makes copies of genetic material within new cells and grows small buds that eventually form new organisms, seen in yeast and hydra.

Fragmentation

Asexual reproduction involving the breaking off of a piece of a multicellular organism, such as a starfish, where each piece generates a new organism.

Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction where the parent cell copies its chromosome, elongates, and divides into two equal parts, occurring in bacteria and amoeba.

Spore formation

Asexual reproduction that produces many haploid spores that germinate into offspring, seen in organisms like Penicillium.