Euro Russian Revolution

Firecracker with a very long fuse

Revolutions in Russia

Russian Leaders cruel, oppressive rule cause

Many decades of social unrest leading to the Russian Revolution

In 1881, revolutionaries assassinated the

Czar Alexander II

Alexander was determined to strengthen

"Autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality"

Alexander III was determined to wipe out

Revolutionaries

Alexander III followed a policy of __ (forcing the Russian culture on all peoples in the Russian empire)

Justification

Anyone opposed to Alex III was sent to

Siberia

Jews especially felt his wrath; organized violence against Jews was widespread

Pogroms

Alexander's son Nicholas II tried to

Continue the past while ignoring the future

Nicholas refused to surrender

Any of his power (changing of times)

Russia launches a program to build up heavy industries, particularly steel. By 1900, Russia became the

4th ranking producer of steel

Foreign Finance Minister Sergei Witte boosted the growth of the steel industry and saw the completion of the

Trans-Siberian Railway

The Trans-Siberian Railway connected

European Russia in the west with Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean

Industrialization has benefits, but also has disadvantages. What are some negative results of industrialization?

Grueling work conditions, miserably low wages, child labor

The gap between the rich and poor was enormous

Poor living conditions stirred the revolutionary within Russia

These revolutionaries followed the views of _ (a 19th century German philosopher)

Karl Marx

Karl Marx is the author of

Communist Manifesto

Marx argued that the workers of the world would one day

Overthrow the ruling class and share equally in society's wealth

1903, the Russian Marxists split into 2 groups, the

Mensheviks or "minority" and the Bolsheviks or "majority" party

Actually not the majority party; ruthlessly pursued power, using any means necessary in order to succeed; violence is just fine

Bolsheviks

Favored gradual, peaceful change, without the violence or terror advocated by the Bolsheviks; wanted more popular support

Mensheviks

The leader of the Bolsheviks was

Vladmir Lenin

Vladmir Lenin was a ruthless leader who lived in western Europe during the czarist regime to

Avoid arrest

Russia and Japan were at odds over control of

Korea and Manchuria

Russia broke the agreement over the two territories and Japan attacked the Russians

Russo-Japanese War

During the Russo-Japanese War was a humiliating defeat for the Russians and did not help to

Stomp the revolutionary ideas

200,000 workers and their families approached the czar's palace at St. Petersburg; they wanted better working conditions, more freedoms, and an elected legislature; what they got was soldiers firing into the crows and many unarmed people were killed on what become known as

Bloody Sunday

Lenin called Bloody Sunday a

Dress rehearsal

October 1905 Nicholas reluctantly saw the creation of the Duma

Russia's 1st parliament

Leaders wanted Russia to become a constitutional monarchy similar to Britain, but

The Duma never had any real power

Russia was unprepared to handle the war's costs; 4 million soldiers died in the 1st year

Czar Nicholas II takes over the troops himself and proves to be inept

With Nicholas at the battle front, he left his wife in charge

Czarina Alexandra

Czarina Alexandra however ignored the advice of Nicholas advisors and was influenced by a self-proclaimed "holy man" named

Rasputin

Once Rasputin "eased" Alexandra's children pain (hemophilia), he was allowed to make political decisions=

Spread of corruption

Workers have had enough of the war and a riot erupts due to bread and fuel shortage

Czar Nicholas II is forced from the throne and eventually killed

3 centuries of Romanov rule was gone

The Duma establishes a provisional government or a temporary government

Alexander Kerensky and the provincial government decides to

Continue fighting the war

Local councils of workers, peasants and soldiers began to take control

Soviets

The Germans actually help Lenin return to

Russia

No state' dictatorship of the proletariat (workers); no command economy, workers produce and share what they need; international= world-wide socialist revolution

Marxism

State->individual (totalitarianism); dictatorship of communist party; command economy; state makes all economic decisions; USSR- dominant political, economic and military power

Soviet

Lenin's slogan " __" was gaining widespread appeal throughout Russia

Peace, Land and Bread

November 1917, Bolshevik ___ (armed factory workers) stormed the Winter Palace and took over the provisional government

Red Guards

All farmland be distributed among the peasants; ended their involvement in WWII with the ___, and lost a great deal of territory

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

When the Bolsheviks ended their involvement in WWI with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk this triggered

Widespread anger among many Russians, and began to object to Bolshevik policies

The Red Army led by revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky helped to defeat the

White Army (opponents to the Bolsheviks)

About 15 million Russians died in the three-year struggle and famine followed

Russian economy was left in ruins

This put his state-controlled economy to the side and allowed for small version of capitalism

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Means of production are owned mostly privately, and any surplus could be traded for goods or profit in a free market

Capitalism

1922, the country of Bolsheviks was named the

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Capital city of the Bolsheviks

Moscow

Bolsheviks become the

Communists

A constitution based on socialist and democratic principals was created=

Lenin and the Bolsheviks obtained more power

Lenin died in 1924, before the economy completely turned around=

Power struggle for control of Russia

Describes a government that takes total, centralized state control of every aspect of life; this goes against every aspect of Western Society

Totalitarianism

A system which the government made all economic decisions

Command economy

Stalin seizes control of the economy and began an Industrial and Agricultural in which

10 million people were killed; it becomes known as his 5-year-plan

Turned privately owned farms into government owned farms

Collective farm

Wealthy peasants who resisted Stalin

Kulaks

Weapons of Totalitarianism; they used terror and violence to crush opposition

Secret police

1934; it eliminated anyone who treated Stalin's power' everyone was a suspect

Great purge

Historians believe Stalin killed people

8-13 million

An artistic style that praised Soviet Life and Communist values; censorship; the government controlled newspapers, motion pictures, radio, and TV; religious persecution

Socialist realism

Women were very successful in careers such as

Engineering, science, and were forced to become mothers and housewives (patriotic duty)

Education in daily life under Stalin

Kids learned the virtues of the Communist Party. Secret Police kept watchful eye on both teachers and students

Developed by Karl Marx in 19th century in response to harsh working conditions of the Industrial revolution

Communism

Developed through the centuries as industry, trade and banking developed

Capitalism

Lenin major proponent of 18th/19th century

Communism

Adam Smith major proponent of 18th century

Capitalism

Wealth is shared equally among the people

Communism

Private ownership of wealth; each person is on his/ her own to acquire as much/ little wealth as he/ she desires

Capitalism

"From each according to his ability, to each according to his need" (Marx)

Communism

"Society is best served by each individual doing what is best for himself"

Capitalism

Command economy (state controls economy) Soviet communism- not Marx

Communism

Market economy- state does NOT control economy/ free market; wages and prices of goods fluctuate based on supply and demand

Capitalism

Advantages:

1) no inflation

2) no unemployment

3) no rich-poor gap

4) housing, healthcare, education for all

Communism

Advantages:

1) strong profit incentive (development of new and improved products. technology advantages, higher productivity-workers work harder due to profit incentive)

2) benefits all in society due to "trickle down" effect

3) nation's economy grows due to higher productivity of workers

Capitalism

Disadvantages:

1) can lead to totalitarianism (state controls individual)

2) no motivation for workers to produce (no incentive profit)

3) state's economy stagnates (no growth) since workers have no incentive to produce

Communism

Disadvantages:

1) unemployment

2) inflation

3) boom-slump economic problems

4) poverty and crime

5) rich-poor gap

6) lack of healthcare, housing and education for all

Capitalism

Nations:

1) Former USSR (note that Russia is now adopting capitalist reforms)

2) China (beginning capitalist reforms)

Communism

Nations:

1) US