lab quiz 6 immunology lab

Influenza A and B structure

• consists of 8 single stranded RNA segments

• has hemagluttin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) on its surface

what is RNA coated with

nucleoproteins specific to A or B virus

what does hemagluttin (HA) bind to

sialic acid on host cell to gain entry

what does Neuraminidase (NA) do

aids with viral entry and exit of host cells

what is Influenza A named by

subtype of HA and NA on the surface

Influenza B is classified by

lineage and can be Yamagata or Victoria

which influenza can only infect humans

Influenza B

which influenza affects many species

Influenza A

which influenza undergoes antigenic shift

influenza A as it mutates at a faster rate

annual epidemics like the the flu are caused by which influenza

both influenzas

which influenza accounts for more infections annually

A

how are symptoms for influenza

they are abrupt in onset and last about 1 week

why are infections from influenza acute

RNA doesn’t integrate into the host genome like HIV

the influenza vaccine can be ________ or __________ depending on the year

trivalent or quadrivalent

quadrivalent includes HA form a form of

-H1N1

-H3N2

-B/Yamagata

-B/Victoria

trivalent uses which of the B lineages

one of them

C in the BD flu test is

control region

B in the BD flu test is

B test region

A in the BD flu test is

A test region

what is 3 on the BD flu test?

specimen well

what is the patient sample

nasopharyngeal/nasal swab

what is the unknown in the flu test

A nucleoprotein or B nucleoprotein (antigen)

what is the known in the test

monoclonal anti-influenza antibodies

what is added to the specimen well

sample fluid containing the nucleoprotein

what binds to the nucleoprotein

unbound antibodies in specimen well

only 2 positive results of BD flu test

C and A & C and B lined

only negative result of BD flu test

C lined

C reactive protein

5 identical subunits held together by noncovalent bonds. trace constituent of serum

where is CRP synthesized

liver

what 4 things can CRP do

-opsonization

-agglutination

-precipitation

-activation of classical complement

what does CRP defend against

microorganisms or foreign cells until specific antibodies can be produced

what cells do CRP bind to

neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages

4 common markers of inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

CRP as a marker of acute inflammation

-rapid increase 4-6 hours following infection, surgery or physical trauma to the body

-Can be up to a 100-1000-fold increase and levels peak within 24-72 hours

which conditions have expected elevated levels of CRP

Heart disease and myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Bacterial & viral infections

TB

Autoimmune diseases - RA and SLE

Collagen diseases - Scleroderma

Malignant diseases (cancer)

latex agglutination

qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of CRP in non-diluted serum

what is the latex particle coated with

anti-CRP. CRP is treated as the antigen

what is the known in CRP test

antibody: anti-CRP: isotype IgM

what is the unknown in the CRP test

antigen: CRP

what are the reagents for CRP test

CRP latex, positive control and negative control

what does the positive control contain in CRP test

human serum with more than 6 mg/L CRP

what does the negative control contain in CRP test

human seurm with negative 6 g/mL CRP

what does a positive result look like in CRP test

agglutination is noticeable

what does a negative result look like in CRP test

smooth

what can cause false positives in CRP test

Bacterially contaminated sera

Sera containing elevated levels of RF

First trimester of pregnancy expected to have elevated CRP levels

Oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices can cause elevated CRP levels

what can cause false negatives in the CRP test

Reactions are weaker between 200-400 mg/L

If CRP concentration is above 400 mg/L, the sample should be diluted before performing the test

for both tests (DB flu and CRP),where does everything get disposed

biohazards