Praxis/comps multiple choice questions

From ChatGPT

1. Which of the following best describes a phonological disorder?
A. Difficulty producing specific speech sounds due to muscle weakness
B. Consistent substitutions or omissions that reflect difficulty with motor planning
C. Impairment in the rule-based system governing sound patterns in a language
D. Distorted production of a single phoneme due to abnormal tongue placement

C. Impairment in the rule-based system governing sound patterns in a language

A 5-year-old consistently substitutes /t/ for /k/ (e.g., "tat" for "cat"). What type of error is this?
A. Backing
B. Fronting
C. Stopping
D. Gliding

B. Fronting

Which skill typically emerges first in receptive language development?
A. Use of plural –s
B. Following one-step directions
C. Answering "why" questions
D. Producing compound sentences

A. Use of plural –s

A 4-year-old demonstrates limited sentence length, frequent word-finding difficulties, and poor narrative skills, but comprehension is within normal limits. This profile is most consistent with:
A. Receptive language disorder
B. Expressive language disorder
C. Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
D. Pragmatic language disorder

B. Expressive language disorder

Secondary behaviors of stuttering include:
A. Repetitions, prolongations, blocks
B. Eye blinks, head nods, and jaw tremors
C. Reduced speech intelligibility
D. Excessive talking without pausing

B. Eye blinks, head nods, and jaw tremor

A 7-year-old produces sound prolongations and blocks, often avoiding speaking in class. Which treatment focus is most appropriate?
A. Building phonological awareness
B. Reducing avoidance behaviors and increasing ease of speaking
C. Training auditory discrimination
D. Teaching compensatory AAC use

B. Reducing avoidance behaviors and increasing ease of speaking

A voice disorder characterized by incomplete velopharyngeal closure is known as:
A. Dysphonia
B. Hypernasality
C. Hyponasality
D. Diplophonia

B. Hypernasality

A teacher reports persistent hoarseness and vocal fatigue. Videostroboscopy reveals bilateral lesions on the vocal folds. The most likely diagnosis is:
A. Vocal fold polyps
B. Vocal nodules
C. Contact ulcers
D. Laryngeal papilloma

B. Vocal nodules

Which type of hearing loss is characterized by impaired bone conduction thresholds and air-bone gaps?
A. Sensorineural
B. Mixed
C. Conductive
D. Central

C. Conductive

An audiogram shows a sloping, high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A. Cerumen impaction
B. Otitis media
C. Presbycusis
D. Otosclerosis

C. Presbycusis

The pharyngeal phase of swallowing begins when:
A. The bolus enters the mouth
B. The tongue pushes the bolus against the hard palate
C. The swallow reflex is triggered at the anterior faucial arches
D. The bolus enters the esophagus

C. The swallow reflex is triggered at the anterior faucial arches

An adult post-stroke demonstrates delayed swallow initiation, coughing after thin liquids, and reduced hyolaryngeal elevation. Which strategy would be most appropriate initially?
A. Effortful swallow
B. Supraglottic swallow
C. Chin tuck
D. Head back posture

C. Chin tuck

Which of the following is a hallmark characteristic of right hemisphere brain damage (RHBD)?
A. Fluent but meaningless speech
B. Impaired syntax
C. Reduced awareness of deficits and left neglect
D. Slow, effortful speech with apraxic errors

C. Reduced awareness of deficits and left neglect

A 72-year-old with traumatic brain injury struggles with planning daily routines, shifting topics appropriately, and remembering appointments. This represents deficits primarily in:
A. Phonological processing
B. Pragmatics and executive function
C. Syntax and morphology
D. Semantic memory only

B. Pragmatics and executive function

Which of the following best defines "aided AAC"?
A. Gestures, signs, and facial expressions
B. Communication systems requiring external tools (e.g., picture boards, speech-generating devices)
C. Eye gaze and vocal intonation only
D. Oral speech with cues

B. Communication systems requiring external tools (e.g., picture boards, speech-generating devices)

A 6-year-old with severe cerebral palsy demonstrates consistent use of eye gaze to make choices but has limited fine motor control. Which AAC system would be most appropriate?
A. Direct selection on a low-tech picture board
B. Partner-assisted scanning
C. Speechreading and cued speech
D. Manual signing system

B. Partner-assisted scanning

A child consistently substitutes /w/ for /r/ (e.g., “wabbit” for “rabbit”). This is best classified as:
A. Stopping
B. Gliding
C. Backing
D. Cluster reduction

B. Gliding

Which of the following is most consistent with childhood apraxia of speech?
A. Weak oral musculature
B. Inconsistent errors and disrupted prosody
C. Consistent substitution patterns
D. Reduced phonological awareness only

B. Inconsistent errors and disrupted prosody

By what age do most children typically begin combining two words (e.g., “more juice”)?
A. 9–12 months
B. 12–18 months
C. 18–24 months
D. 30–36 months

C. 18–24 months

A 6-year-old demonstrates difficulty understanding complex directions, following classroom routines, and comprehending stories, but expressive vocabulary and syntax are within normal limits. This profile is most consistent with:
A. Expressive language disorder
B. Mixed receptive-expressive disorder
C. Receptive language disorder
D. Pragmatic language disorder

C. Receptive language disorder

Which of the following is most likely to cause hypernasality?
A. Enlarged tonsils
B. Cleft palate with velopharyngeal insufficiency
C. Allergic rhinitis
D. Unilateral vocal fold paralysis

B. Cleft palate with velopharyngeal insufficiency

A conductive hearing loss occurs when:
A. The cochlea is damaged
B. The auditory nerve cannot transmit information
C. Sound cannot effectively pass through the outer or middle ear
D. There is a lesion in the auditory cortex

C. Sound cannot effectively pass through the outer or middle ear

An audiogram shows normal bone conduction but elevated air conduction thresholds with air-bone gaps. This indicates:
A. Sensorineural hearing loss
B. Conductive hearing loss
C. Mixed hearing loss
D. Central auditory processing disorder

B. Conductive hearing loss

Which of the following occurs during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
A. Mastication of the bolus
B. Elevation of the velum to close off the nasal cavity
C. Opening of the lower esophageal sphincter
D. Propulsion of the bolus by the tongue against the hard palate

B. Elevation of the velum to close off the nasal cavity

A patient post-CVA demonstrates aspiration with thin liquids but not with nectar-thick liquids. Which of the following would be the most immediate recommendation?
A. Head back posture
B. Chin tuck with thin liquids
C. Continue with nectar-thick liquids for safety
D. NPO and PEG placement

C. Continue with nectar-thick liquids for safety

A 68-year-old with TBI struggles with planning, organizing tasks, and shifting between activities. These deficits are best described as:
A. Semantic deficits
B. Executive function deficits
C. Morphological deficits
D. Phonological deficits

B. Executive function deficits

Which of the following is an example of unaided AAC?
A. Speech-generating device
B. Picture exchange system
C. Manual signs and gestures
D. Eye-gaze system

C. Manual signs and gestures

A 10-year-old with severe cerebral palsy uses a device with word prediction and synthesized speech. This is an example of:
A. Aided AAC, low-tech
B. Aided AAC, high-tech
C. Unaided AAC
D. Supplementary cued speech

B. Aided AAC, high-tech

According to ASHA’s Code of Ethics, if an SLP feels unqualified to provide a service, they must:
A. Decline the referral
B. Accept the referral but learn on the job
C. Provide the service only if no one else is available
D. Refer or collaborate with a qualified provider

D. Refer or collaborate with a qualified provider

A school-based SLP is asked to recommend a specific brand of therapy app because the district is considering purchasing it. What is the most ethical response?
A. Recommend it based on personal preference
B. Decline to recommend because it could be a conflict of interest
C. Provide objective information on multiple evidence-based options
D. Decline because SLPs should not be involved in technology decisions

C. Provide objective information on multiple evidence-based options

A 3-year-old presents with limited expressive vocabulary, frequent pointing/gestures, and frustration when not understood. Receptive skills are age-appropriate. What’s the best first step?
A. Begin phonological awareness training
B. Target expressive vocabulary development
C. Recommend AAC device immediately
D. Wait and see, since comprehension is normal

B. Target expressive vocabulary development

A client with Parkinson’s disease presents with reduced vocal intensity, monopitch, and hoarse quality. The most evidence-based treatment approach is:
A. Resonant voice therapy
B. Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD)
C. Accent method
D. Vocal hygiene program only

B. Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD)

An SLP sees a child with frequent omissions of final consonants, cluster reductions, and weak syllable deletions. This pattern is best described as:
A. Phonological disorder
B. Childhood apraxia of speech
C. Articulation disorder
D. Dysarthria

A. Phonological disorde

An older adult with dementia demonstrates intact syntax and phonology but poor naming, memory for recent events, and disorientation. Which of the following is preserved longest in dementia?
A. Procedural memory
B. Episodic memory
C. Short-term recall
D. Abstract reasoning

A. Procedural memory

During a bedside swallow evaluation, the SLP notices wet vocal quality and coughing after sips of water. What should the SLP recommend next?
A. Modified barium swallow study (MBSS)
B. Thickened liquids without further testing
C. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)
D. Oral motor strengthening program only

A. Modified barium swallow study (MBSS)

A child with a hearing loss is learning spoken language. Which cueing system adds visual handshapes near the face to clarify speech sounds that look alike on the lips?
A. Cued speech
B. Total communication
C. Signed English
D. American Sign Language

A. Cued speech

A child produces “tar” for “star.” This is an example of:
A. Fronting
B. Cluster reduction
C. Stopping
D. Gliding

B. Cluster reduction

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pediatric feeding/swallowing disorders?
A. Prematurity
B. Congenital heart disease
C. Frequent otitis media
D. Cerebral palsy

C. Frequent otitis media

Which of the following best describes diplophonia?
A. Simultaneous perception of two pitches due to irregular vocal fold vibration
B. Excessive nasal resonance during speech
C. Perception of abnormal pitch breaks
D. Monopitch and reduced loudness

A. Simultaneous perception of two pitches due to irregular vocal fold vibration

An SLP is treating a bilingual child. The family requests therapy only in English, but the child’s dominant language is Spanish. What is the most ethical response?
A. Provide therapy in English only
B. Provide therapy in both languages or collaborate with bilingual providers
C. Decline services
D. Provide therapy in Spanish only

B. Provide therapy in both languages or collaborate with bilingual providers

Which of the following is an example of stuttering modification?
A. Easy onset
B. Cancellation
C. Prolonged speech
D. Pacing board

B. Cancellation

A child with autism demonstrates echolalia, limited initiation of requests, and difficulty with conversational turn-taking. The primary language goal would target:
A. Syntax
B. Semantics
C. Pragmatics
D. Phonology

C. Pragmatics

Which type of aphasia is characterized by fluent speech, poor comprehension, and poor repetition?
A. Broca’s aphasia
B. Wernicke’s aphasia
C. Conduction aphasia
D. Transcortical motor aphasia

B. Wernicke’s aphasi

A 62-year-old post-stroke client produces nonfluent, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension. Repetition is impaired. Which type of aphasia is most likely?
A. Broca’s aphasia
B. Global aphasia
C. Anomic aphasia
D. Conduction aphasia

A. Broca’s aphasia

Which aphasia is most associated with relatively preserved repetition but poor comprehension?
A. Wernicke’s aphasia
B. Transcortical sensory aphasia
C. Broca’s aphasia
D. Conduction aphasia

B. Transcortical sensory aphasia

A client presents with strained-strangled voice, slow rate, and hypernasality. This dysarthria is most consistent with:
A. Flaccid dysarthria
B. Spastic dysarthria
C. Ataxic dysarthria
D. Hypokinetic dysarthria

B. Spastic dysarthria

patient with Parkinson’s disease exhibits reduced loudness, monopitch, and rapid short rushes of speech. This is characteristic of:
A. Hyperkinetic dysarthria
B. Ataxic dysarthria
C. Hypokinetic dysarthria
D. Spastic dysarthria

C. Hypokinetic dysarthria

Irregular articulatory breakdowns, excess and equal stress, and “drunken” speech quality are hallmarks of:
A. Ataxic dysarthria
B. Flaccid dysarthria
C. Spastic dysarthria
D. Hypokinetic dysarthria

A. Ataxic dysarthria

The primary goal of the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD) is:
A. Increase articulatory precision
B. Increase respiratory support
C. Increase vocal loudness and effort
D. Reduce vocal hyperfunction

C. Increase vocal loudness and effort

A preschool child with severe phonological disorder is producing only a few early-developing sounds. Which treatment approach emphasizes contrasting word pairs (e.g., “tea” vs. “key”) to highlight phonemic differences?
A. Cycles approach
B. Minimal pairs therapy
C. PROMPT therapy
D. Metaphon approach

B. Minimal pairs therapy

In dysphagia management, the Mendelsohn maneuver primarily targets:
A. Hyolaryngeal excursion and upper esophageal sphincter opening
B. Oral bolus control
C. Velopharyngeal closure
D. Tongue-to-palate pressure

A. Hyolaryngeal excursion and upper esophageal sphincter openin

According to IDEA Part C, early intervention services are mandated for children from:
A. Birth to 12 months
B. Birth to 3 years
C. 2–5 years
D. 3–21 years

B. Birth to 3 years

A 2-year-old produces fewer than 50 words, relies heavily on gestures, and is not combining words. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
A. Reassure parents that this is normal
B. Recommend immediate early intervention services
C. Wait until the child turns 3 for evaluation
D. Begin literacy training

B. Recommend immediate early intervention services

Which of the following strategies is most evidence-based in early intervention for language delay?
A. Drill-based vocabulary lists
B. Parent coaching and naturalistic play routines
C. Computer-assisted training programs
D. Group therapy only

B. Parent coaching and naturalistic play routines

Which of the following is a hallmark feature of vocal fold nodules (as opposed to polyps)?
A. Typically unilateral, fluid-filled
B. Typically bilateral and callous-like
C. Sudden onset with hemorrhage
D. Associated with papillomavirus

B. Typically bilateral and callous-like

A newborn fails the initial hearing screening but passes the rescreening at 2 weeks. The next recommended step is:
A. Immediate cochlear implant referral
B. Diagnostic ABR before 1 month of age
C. Continue routine developmental surveillance
D. Begin speech therapy at 3 months

C. Continue routine developmental surveillance

Which of the following deficits is most associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) rather than aphasia?
A. Agrammatism
B. Word-finding problems
C. Executive dysfunction and impaired pragmatics
D. Fluent but meaningless speech

C. Executive dysfunction and impaired pragmatics

An SLP is asked to share a child’s diagnostic report with a classroom teacher. What must the SLP do first?
A. Provide the report immediately
B. Obtain parental/guardian consent
C. Remove identifying information and share
D. Decline, citing FERPA rules

B. Obtain parental/guardian consent

If an SLP learns that a colleague is consistently billing for services not provided, the first ethical step is to:
A. Confront the colleague directly
B. Report to ASHA immediately
C. Document and follow facility procedures for reporting
D. Ignore it unless it affects own caseload

C. Document and follow facility procedures for reporting

A child with repaired cleft palate demonstrates compensatory articulation strategies such as glottal stops. The best treatment focus is:
A. Strengthening oral musculature
B. Correcting placement and manner of articulation
C. Surgical revision
D. Increasing oral resonance with exercises

B. Correcting placement and manner of articulation

A bilingual child is referred for evaluation due to limited vocabulary in English. Testing reveals age-appropriate vocabulary in the home language. This is best described as:
A. Language difference
B. Expressive language disorder
C. Receptive language disorder
D. Mixed language disorder

A. Language difference

An adult with apraxia of speech presents with groping, inconsistent errors, and difficulty initiating speech. The treatment approach most appropriate is:
A. Constraint-induced language therapy
B. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)
C. PROMPT or motor planning hierarchy
D. Minimal pairs therapy

C. PROMPT or motor planning hierarchy

A patient with flaccid dysarthria due to cranial nerve X damage would most likely present with:
A. Hypernasality and breathy voice
B. Slow rate with excess and equal stress
C. Monopitch and reduced loudness
D. Harsh-strained phonation

A. Hypernasality and breathy voice

A clinician is teaching a child new vocabulary by embedding words in play, modeling, and expanding on child utterances. This approach is best described as:
A. Hanen/parent coaching model
B. Traditional articulation drill
C. Script training
D. Confrontation naming

A. Hanen/parent coaching model

A client with conduction aphasia is most likely to have difficulty with:
A. Word retrieval
B. Repetition
C. Comprehension
D. Syntax

B. Repetition

Which AAC approach involves partner-assisted scanning, where the communication partner offers choices aloud until the child indicates selection?
A. Direct selection
B. Unaided AAC
C. Scanning system
D. Eye-gaze board

C. Scanning system