Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology Laboratory Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering skin layers, burn classifications, skeletal system anatomy, muscle actions, nervous system functions, reflex arcs, and cranial nerve examinations.

Stratum Basale

The deepest epidermal layer containing stem cells that continuously divide to produce new keratinocytes, as well as melanocytes that produce pigment.

Stratum Spinosum

Epidermal layer known as the 'prickle cell layer,' consisting of several rows of cells connected by desmosomes that provide strength and flexibility.

Stratum Granulosum

A thin epidermal layer where cells begin to flatten and fill with keratin, a protein providing waterproofing and strength.

Stratum Lucidum

A thin, clear layer composed of dead cells found only in thick skin, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

First-Degree Burn

A superficial burn involving only the epidermis that appears red and painful, may present slight edema, and heals without scarring in about a week.

Second-Degree Burn

A partial-thickness burn damaging both epidermis and dermis; minimal dermal damage causes redness, pain, edema, and blisters healing in about two weeks, while deeper damage appears red, tan, or white.

Third-Degree Burn

A full-thickness burn damaging the complete epidermis and dermis; usually painless due to destroyed sensory receptors and appears white, tan, brown, black, or deep chetty red.

Fourth-Degree Burn

The most severe and deepest burn injury, which is potentially life-threatening and affects all skin layers, muscles, tendons, and bones.

Ligament

A structure that connects bone to bone.

Tendon

A structure that connects muscle to bone.

Joint

The point where two or more bones connect.

Axial Skeleton

Skeletal division consisting of the bones of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

Skeletal division consisting of the bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs, and the two girdles.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The bulbous ends of a long bone.

Periosteum

The outer covering of the diaphysis in a long bone.

Articular Cartilage

The covering over the epiphysis of a long bone.

Red Marrow

The tissue within bones that serves as the site of hematopoiesis.

Yellow Marrow

Bone marrow tissue that contains fat.

Osteon

The structural unit of compact bone.

Haversian Canal

A central channel in compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Lamellae

Concentric layers of bone matrix.

Lacunae

Small spaces housing osteocytes within bone tissue.

Canaliculi

Tiny channels connecting osteocytes within compact bone.

Open Fracture

A type of bone fracture that pierces the skin.

Closed Fracture

A type of bone fracture that does not pierce the skin.

Long Bones

Bones longer than wide with a diaphysis shaft and two epiphyses ends, commonly involved in movement (e.g., femur, humerus).

Short Bones

Approximately cube-shaped bones providing stability with limited motion (e.g., carpals, tarsals).

Flat Bones

Thin, often curved bones with broad surfaces for muscle attachment and protection (e.g., cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapula).

Irregular Bones

Bones with complex shapes that do not fit into other specific classification categories (e.g., vertebrae, some facial bones).

Sesamoid Bones

Small, round bones that develop within tendons where a tendon passes over a joint (e.g., patella).

Zygomaticus Major and Minor

Facial muscles responsible for the action of smiling.

Corrugator Supercilii and Depressor Anguli Oris

Facial muscles responsible for the action of frowning.

Orbicularis Oculi

Facial muscle responsible for closing the eyes tightly.

Orbicularis Oris and Mentalis

Facial muscles responsible for pouting and kissing.

Buccinator

Facial muscle responsible for blowing, chewing, and sucking.

Frontalis

Facial muscle responsible for raising the eyebrows.

Risorius

Facial muscle responsible for grinning.

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Surface neck muscle that rotates the head and flexes the neck.

Platysma

Surface neck muscle that depresses the mandible and lower lip.

Trapezius

Surface muscle that extends the neck and moves the shoulders.

Sensory Input

Function of the nervous system that gathers information to monitor internal and external changes (stimuli).

Integration

Nervous system process that interprets sensory input and decides if action is needed.

Motor Output

Nervous system response to integrated stimuli that activates muscles or glands.

Reflex Arc

A direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector over which a reflex occurs.

Biceps Reflex (C5–C6)

An upper limb deep tendon reflex resulting in elbow flexion.

Brachioradialis Reflex (C5–C6)

An upper limb deep tendon reflex resulting in forearm flexion and supination.

Triceps Reflex (C6–C7)

An upper limb deep tendon reflex resulting in elbow extension.

Patellar Reflex (L3–L4)

A lower limb deep tendon reflex (knee jerk) resulting in knee extension.

Achilles Reflex (S1–S2)

A lower limb deep tendon reflex (ankle jerk) resulting in plantar flexion of the foot.

CN I - Olfactory

Cranial nerve tested by assessing the sense of smell in each nostril separately using familiar odors.

CN II - Optic

Cranial nerve tested for visual acuity using a Snellen chart and for pupillary light reflex.

CN III - Oculomotor

Cranial nerve controlling most eye movements and pupil constriction; checked for diplopia, nystagmus, and ptosis.

CN IV - Trochlear

Cranial nerve controlling downward and inward eye movement.

CN V - Trigeminal

Cranial nerve assessed by jaw clenching (masseter, temporalis), facial light touch/pinprick sensory tests, and the corneal reflex.

CN VI - Abducens

Cranial nerve responsible for lateral gaze eye movement.

CN VII - Facial

Cranial nerve assessed through facial expressions including smiling, frowning, puffing cheeks, closing eyes tightly, and raising eyebrows.

CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear

Cranial nerve assessed for hearing via whisper test, finger rub, Rinne/Weber tuning fork tests, and balance via Romberg test.

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

Cranial nerve tested by checking the gag reflex and observing uvula elevation when saying 'Ahh'.

CN X - Vagus

Cranial nerve assessed by evaluating voice quality, swallowing, and observing uvula elevation when saying 'Ahh'.

CN XI - Spinal Accessory

Cranial nerve tested by shrugging shoulders and rotating head against resistance.

CN XII - Hypoglossal

Cranial nerve assessed by protruding the tongue to ensure it is midline and moving it side to side.