Unit 5 history - Industrialization

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

How did the american economy change during the industrial revolution

agarian to industrial, jobs to factories, fueled by immigrants

horiztonal integration

the merger of competitors in the same industry. An example of this is John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Impact of Railroads

factory owners & merchants could ship goods swiftly and cheaply over land

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, passed two acts that purified meat, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Went after trusts, formed the "Bull Moose Party", wanted to build the Panama canal, and make our Navy ( military stronger )

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Trust Busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

The philosophy of Social Darwinism

Only the fittest individuals can survive and flourish in the marketplace.

Trusts/Monopolies

A combination of corporations cooperating in order to reduce competition and control prices.

Progressive Reform Movement

an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life

Child Labor

Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

Women's Suffrage

the right of women to vote

Political Corruption

using illegal actions to gain power or influence government policies

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

What did labor unions want?

Safer working conditions, higher wages, and shorter hours

strike

Nonviolent refusal to continue to work until a problem is resolved.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

The New Freedoms of Woodrow Wilson called for

curbing corporate power, promote economic competition, empower indiviuals/small businesses

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

Washington vs W.E.B. Du Bois

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois were two highly influential African American leaders at the turn of the 20th century who both sought racial advancement, but their core beliefs and strategies were fundamentally different.

washington

accomodatiton and gradualism

WEB dubois

immediate and full civil rights

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

First Transcontinental Railroad

standardized time zones in the US

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

gospel of wealth

the man who dies rich dies disgraceful

who did the government support during labor unions

the owners