Infection and Response

A type of pathogen that reproduce and release toxins

Bacteria

A type of pathogen that invade our cells, reproduce and cause the cell to burst

Virus

Type of pathogen that grow and penetrate our skin, causing disease

Fungi

A type of pathogen which is a single cell eukaryote (No nucleus)

Protsist

Pathogens can be spread by drinking contaminated _____ (e.g infected with cholera)

Water

Pathogens can be spread through ______ _______ - transfer of pathogens by touching contaminated objects

Direct contact

Pathogens can be spread through the ___ - pathogens transferred in droplets from sneezing or coughing, such as the influenza virus

Air

We can reduce the spread of disease by increasing _______ - washing hands before cooking and after sneezing

Hygiene

We can reduce the spread of disease by _______ _______ - insects carry diseases called vectors so by killing them or destroying their habitats can prevent the spread of disease

Killing vectors

_________ infected people prevents them passing the disease to anyone else

Isolating

__________ means that the person or animal cannot become infected and pass it on

Vaccination

____ is a physical barrier. It secretes antimicrobial substances to kill pathogens

Skin

Hair and _____ in the nose passages trap pathogens

Mucus

_____ in the trachea and bronchi move mucus up to the throat

Cilia

Stomach ____ (Hydrochloric Acid) kills pathogens

Acid

Phagocytosis is when white blood cells ______ pathogens and digest them

Engulf

White blood cells release __________ to destroy toxins released by pathogens

Antitoxins

White blood cells produce _______ antibodies that bind to antigens on a pathogen

Specific

____________ reduce symptoms of a disease

Painkillers

__________ kill the bacteria

Antibiotics

Antibiotics do not _____ viruses as they reproduce inside body cells

Kill

__________, such as penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body

Antibiotics

Specific bacteria should be treated by ________ antibiotics

Specific

The antibiotic will kill the non-resistant strain of bacteria but not the mutated resistant strain. The resistant bacteria will _________, increasing their population

Reproduce

How can we prevent the development of antibiotic resistance?

• doctors shouldn’t over-prescribe antibiotics

• We should finish the whole course

____ is an example of an antibiotic resistant bacteria

MRSA

The heard drug _________ originates from foxgloves

Digitalis

The painkiller ______ originates from willow

Aspirin

__________ was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium Mould

Penicillin

Very ___ doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial

Low

If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the ______ dose for the drug

Optimum

In a double blind trial, both the doctor and the patient don’t know what they are being given; either the drug or a _______

Placebo

The results of testing and trials are published only after scrutiny by ____ review

Peer

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single _____ of cells

Clone

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by stimulating mouse ___________ to make a particular antibody

Lymphocytes

In monoclonal antibodies, tumour cells and lymphocytes are combined to make a cell called a ________ cell

Hibridoma

monoclonal antibodies create more ____ _______ than expected. They are not yet as widely used as everyone hoped when they were first developed

Side effects