Studied by 3 people
Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) identified three basic attachment styles, which they termed
secure; avoidant; anxious/ambivalent
Carla is involved in a romantic relationship with Jack. Her costs of the relationship are relatively low and her rewards are very high with this relationship. However, Carla has recently met Ted, and she believes that he could offer her a relationship with even higher rewards than Jack. According to social exchange theory, Carla is likely to
break up with Jack in favor of the relationship with Ted
In an experiment, Curtis and Miller (1986) assigned participants at random to have a conversation. One member of each pair was told that the other person liked him or her. Participants provided this information actually behaved in more likable ways, and their partners, too, behaved in pleasant ways. Based on the information presented in the text, which of the following could explain their behavior and reciprocal liking?
the self-fulfilling prophecy
Katie and Jon are in the same accounting class, they live in the same wing of their dormitory, and they usually both study at the campus coffeehouse in the morning before class. Over time, Katie and Jon become attracted to each other. What force is most likely at work here?
propinquity
Martha and Jan have been having trouble in their relationship for some time. One night when Martha is out, Jan reflects on their relationship and can't help thinking about all the ways things have been going wrong. Their sex life, once passionate, is only so-so; they hardly talk anymore; and Martha no longer seems to like Jan's friends. These late night ruminations best represent the ________ stage of relationship dissolution (Duck, 1982).
intrapersonal
________ theory holds that people are happiest in their relationships when their rewards and costs are comparable to the rewards and costs of their partners.
Equity
According to an evolutionary approach to love, why do women prefer men with resources, whereas men prefer women who are attractive?
Resources signal competence in men; attractiveness signals reproductive fitness in women.
According to research conducted by Cunningham and his colleagues (1986), there is overlap in what men and women find attractive in the opposite sex. For example, both men and women find ________ attractive in members of the opposite sex.
large eyes and prominent cheekbones
According to social exchange theory, even if someone is in a good relationship, he or she would be likely to leave if he or she has a
high comparison level for alternatives.
Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies of the importance that men versus women placed on the physical attractiveness of potential partners. According to his findings, there tends to be a larger gender difference (such that men are more influenced by physical attractiveness) when ________ are being measured than when ________ are being measured.
attitudes; behaviors
________ refers to the ability to experience events or emotions from another person's perspective.
Empathy
According to evolutionary psychologists, why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency? Doris's children
are more likely to pass on her genes.
According to Latané and Darley (1970), a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene in an emergency situation. According to this stage model, diffusion of responsibility is most likely to affect witnesses'
sense of obligation to intervene
________ refers to the desire to help another person, even if such help involves cost to the helper.
Altruism
Allen volunteers to visit the homes of AIDS patients because those visits help him forget about his own problems. This is an example of ________ behavior.
prosocial
One consequence of living by the Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," is that if you help those in need, they might return the favor someday. This idea is best represented by
the norm of reciprocity.
Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of ________ to inhibit helping.
informational social influence
According to Batson (1991), when people experience empathy with another in need, ________ motivates helping.
helping others independent of self-interest
According to information presented by the authors of your text, people who have lived in the same place longer tend to be more likely to help: why?
They feel more interdependent with their neighbors and attached to the community.
Based on information about the urban overload hypothesis, where would you be more likely to receive help finding a lost child?
rural or small towns
________ occurs when a person is thwarted on the way to an expected goal or gratification.
Frustration
The goal of ________ aggression is to inflict pain; the goal of ________ aggression is to achieve some other outcome.
hostile; instrumental
________ reflects the idea that if people can "aggress" in harmless ways, built-up aggressive energies will diminish, reducing the odds of further aggressive behavior.
Catharsis
A little girl watches a television cartoon in which a woman yanks a child by the hair and screams at her. After seeing the cartoon, the little girl acts out this same interaction with her doll. This is an example of
social learning
According to cognitive dissonance theorists, when people attempt to vent their aggressive impulses by harming another person, they are more likely to engage in later acts of aggression because
dissonance is reduced by derogating the victim, increasing the odds of later aggression.
A study presented in the text demonstrated that when participants were first "accidentally" bumped, then called a disrespectful name, northerners tended to react ________ southerners.
less aggressively than
According to social-psychological research (e.g., Bower & Hilgard, 1981), what are the "ideal conditions" for punishment to be an effective deterrent to violence? Punishment must be
swift and certain.
According to the relationship between frustration and aggression, who is most likely to get into an argument with someone who cuts in line ahead of him or her?
Barbara, who is the next in line at the grocery store check-out counter
Anger control through "active enabling" might involve which of the following?
taking a deep breath and counting to ten
In a classic experiment (Barker, Dembo, & Lewin, 1941) researchers prevented children from playing with attractive toys. Once the children gained access to the toys, they behaved destructively, smashing the toys and throwing them against the wall. These results demonstrate the power of ________ to increase aggression.
frustration
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