Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Principles Chapter 14 (copy)

What is the significance of Gregor Mendel's experiments?

He established the rules of inheritance through experiments on pea plants.

What does the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance assert?

Genes are located on chromosomes.

What are the two hypotheses regarding the transmission of traits from parents to offspring during Mendel's time?

Blending inheritance and inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Why did Mendel choose garden peas as his model organism?

They are practical, have polymorphic traits, and Mendel could control their mating.

What is a monohybrid cross?

A mating between parents with two different phenotypes for a single trait.

What is Mendel's Principle of Segregation?

The two members of each gene pair segregate into different gamete cells during the formation of eggs and sperm.

What phenotypic ratio is observed in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross?

3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits.

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

Phenotype refers to observable features, while genotype refers to the combination of alleles in an individual.

What is a dihybrid cross?

A cross that examines the inheritance of two different traits.

What ratio of phenotypes is expected from a dihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1 ratio.

What does independent assortment mean in genetics?

Alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of one another.

What is linkage in genetics?

The tendency of genes to be inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome.

What is the role of crossing over in genetic inheritance?

It can lead to genetic recombination and the creation of recombinants.

What is codominance?

A situation where neither allele is dominant or recessive, and heterozygotes display both phenotypes.

What is incomplete dominance?

A situation where heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype.

What are pleiotropic genes?

Genes that influence multiple traits.

What is polygenic inheritance?

A form of inheritance where multiple genes contribute to a single trait.

What is the significance of pedigrees in genetics?

They can determine the mode of transmission for a given trait.

What is the role of the environment in gene expression?

Many traits are influenced by gene-environment interactions.

What is the expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross?

1:2:1 ratio of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive.

What is a testcross?

A cross used to determine the unknown genotype of one parent.

What is the wild type in genetics?

The most common phenotype for a given trait.

What is the relationship between sex chromosomes and inheritance?

Genes located on sex chromosomes can exhibit sex linkage.

What is Mendel's hypothesis of Particulate Inheritance?

Hereditary determinants act as discrete, unchanging particles.

How does Mendel's work apply to human inheritance?

Mendel's principles can be applied to understand traits in humans, including dominant and recessive alleles.

What is the significance of Thomas Hunt Morgan's work with fruit flies?

He provided evidence for the chromosome theory of inheritance through his studies on sex-linked traits.

What are multiple alleles?

More than two alleles exist for a gene, such as the ABO blood types in humans.

What is the expected outcome when two heterozygotes are crossed for a trait?

The phenotypic ratio will be 3:1 for dominant to recessive traits.

What is the effect of gene-gene interaction on traits?

The expression of traits can depend on the presence or absence of other genes.