Chapter 6 study guide

Appositional Growth

bones growth in width, no epiphyseal plate

diaphysis

shaft of long bone

endochondral ossification

are built on model of hyaline cartilage

endosteum

membrane lines medullary cavity

epiphyseal plate

layer of cartilage found near the ends of bones

epipysis

the rounded end of bone

hemopoiesis

process of blood cell information

hydroxyapatite

mineral compound composed of calcium and phosphate ions

interstitial growth

growth in width

intramembranous ossification

built on model made of membrane of embryonic tissue

medullary cavity

center of diaphysis contains either red or yellow bone marrow depending on bone age and age of individual

metaphysics

the flared trumpet shaped region of long bone located between the diaphysis (shaft) and physics (end of bone)

osteoblast

immature metabolically active bones

osteoclasts

responsible for bone resorption

osteocytes

mature bone cells, maintain bone extracellular mix

osteogenic cells

flattened cells, differentiate into osteoblast when stimulated by specific chemical signals

osteons

fundamental structure unit of compact bone

osteoporosis

disease that weakens bones making them more susceptible to fractures

periosteum

fibrous sheath that covers bones

trabeculae

porous, lightweight bone tissue found at ends of long bones within vertebrae and in core of flat bones like pelvis and skull

what substance makes bone strong and flexible

collagen and calcium

6 main functions of bone tissue and skeletal system

protection, mineral storage and acid base homeostasis, blood cell information, fat storage, movement, and support

functions of red bone marrow

production of all blood cells, including red, white, and platelets

function of yellow bone marrow

storage for fat

what is the function of the epiphyseal plate

enable longitudinal bine growth during childhood and adolensnce

what is the location of the epiphyseal plate location

between middle and end of long bones, such as the bones of the arms of the arms and legs

what is articular cartilage made of

water, collagen, and proteoglycans

what is the function of articular cartilage

provide a smooth, lubricrated surface for articulation and facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coeficant

name the most common forms of bone fractures

simple and compound

simple bone fracture

skin and tissue around fracture remain intact

compound bone fracture

bone protrudes through skin and tissues

list the steps in the repair of a bone fracture

1.Hematoma forms (blood clot) fills in gap between bone fragments
2. Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate hematoma
and form soft callus (mixture of hyaline cartilage and collagenous connective tissue); bridges gap between fragments
3. Osteoblasts build bony callus (hard callus);
4. Bony callus is remodeled and primary bone is
replaced with secondary bone; bone regains previous structure and strength after several months

name four types of bones

long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones

long bones

named for overall shape; not actual
size; longer than they are wide;
include most bones in arms and legs

short bones

roughly cube-shaped or about as long as
they are wide; include bones of wrist or carpals and ankle or tarsals

flat bones

thin and broad bones; include ribs, pelvis,
sternum (breastbone), and most skull bones

irregular bones

include vertebrae and certain skull
bones; do not fit into other classes because of irregular shapes

what is the process in which bones grow in diameter

appositional growth

what is the process in which bones grow in length

longitudinal growth

does bone have blood and nerve supply

yes

where does bone blood supply come from

nutrient arteries, periosteal arteries, and metaphyseal-epiphyseal arteries

name four bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification

clavicle (collarbone), frontal bone, parietal bone, and some facial bones

name four bones that are formed by endochondral ossification

femur, humerus, radius, and ulna

when does bone formation begin

around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development