Biología reto 3

Anton van Leeuwenhoek is considered...

The father of microscopy

Hans L. Jansen and Zacharias Janssen...

Created the first composite microscope with two lenses at the end of a tube

Robert Hooke...

Made the composite microscope and used the term cell for the first time

Galileo Galilei...

Made the microscope composed of convex and convince lenses

Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll...

Made the first electronic microscope

What does "mm" mean?

Millimeter

What does "nm" mean?

Nano meter

Simple microscope:

200-300x

Compound microscope:

1500x

Electron microscope:

1,000,000x

What does the electron microscope use to illuminate?

Electrons

Parts of a microscope

Macrometic knob, micrometric knob, stage, light source, ocular, revolving nosepiece, objective and condenser

Who invented the magnifying glass? We

Roger Bacon

Magnifying glass

Produces an enlarged image

What is the occhiolino?

A microscope created by Galileo Galilei

Which theory explains the relationship between cells and living things?

The cell theory

Who identified cells in plants?

Schleiden

Who extended Schleiden's theory and identified cell sun animals?

Schwann

Who founded modern microbiology?

The French chemist Pasteu

Who discovered E.coli

Escherich

Gram classification

Gram classification is a type of classification for bacteria that is classified by color and shape to help determine which kind of bacteria is causing your infection

Who discovered the fleming antibiotic (penicillin)

Alexander fleming

Viruses

They're particles smaller than bacteria and other stuff, which invade living cells in order to reproduce. When they invade, the cells, they're damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells

HIV/AIDS

It's a virus that attacks the immune system, and the AIDS it's the most advanced stage of the HIV infection

Antiretroviral drugs (ART)

They're used to treat HIV infection by stopping the virus from reproducing in the body

Prokaryotic cell

It doesn't have a defined nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cell

Cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, and they're usually found in animals, plant, fungi, etc

Example of eukaryotes

Animals, plants, fungi, protists

Example of prokaryote

Bacteria and Archaea

Membrane

It's a thin and flexible layer that covers the outside of cells

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which are the organelles

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm through where proteins and molecules move

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes, and they break down excess or worn-out cell parts

Mitochondria (ATP)

Powerhouse of the cell

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Neurons

The cells of the system nervous

Osteocytes

Bone cells

Lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system and they are found in the blood and lymph tissue

Myocytes

Muscle cells

Cardiomyocyte

Heart muscle cell

Melanocyte

cell in the basal layer that gives color to the skin and skin, and it protects you from ultraviolet radiation

Hepatocyte

Liver cell

How do cells get nutrients?

They them from food and convert them in energy

Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food

Heterotrophs

Organisms that cannot make their own food and get them from molecules

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Cell interaction

Cells in the body interact with one another, communicating via chemicals, electrical signals or touch

Reproduction

The production of offspring

Sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Asexual reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Mitosis

Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides (Asexual)

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms (Sexual)

Trait

Specific characteristic of an individual

Dominant trait

The characteristic that appears the most

Recessive trait

A trait or characteristic that is not really visible, or it's just the least visible of all

Mendel's first law

Segregation, it's like a system that keeps stuff separated from each other

Mendel's second law

Genes are inherited independently, so each genetic trait segregated apparat from other genetic traits during sexual reproduction

Mendel's third law

When two homozygous individuals with different traits or the same gene cross, only one of the traits is expressed in the first generation, it being a dominant trait

What is homozygous?

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

Chromosomes

thread like structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Cell

Basic unit of life

Human being

Any being of human origin

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes

Amplification

It increases the number of copies of a specific gene in the region of a chromosome

Sequencing

It's modifying an organisms DNA to create desired traits

Gene therapy

The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder

Recombination DNA technology

Activities in which DNA is moved from one species to another

Dolly the sheep

First cloned mammal

Cloning

A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source

GMO (genetically modified organism)

Plant or animal whose genetic makeup has been changed

Transgenic issues

It's like the bad side of genetic engineering, some examples are environmental and health concerns