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Since 1992, Greenland and Antarctica have both lost ice overall, each one losing more than ____ billion metric tons of ice per year on average
100 billion
the Greenland and the West Antarctic Ice Sheets together cause an additional temperature increase of ___ °C, which translates into an additional warming of ___%
0.43 °C
29%
Global sea levels are _______ (decreasing/increasing) as a result of human-caused global warming
increasing
What 2 factors related to global warming are causing Sea level to rise?
added water from melting ice sheets and glaciers
expansion of seawater as it warms
High-tide flooding is now ____% to more than ____% more frequent than it was 50 years ago.
300%
900%
Climate change is contributing to coastal land losses, especially on the ____ Coast
Gulf
From 1932 to 2016, what U.S state lost more than 2,000 square miles of land area, mostly wetlands, in part due to rising sea levels?
Louisiana
what can rising sea levels do to land?
can turn dry land into wetlands or open water
The NASA researchers projected ___ to ___ inches of rise on average for the East Coast by 2050
10 to 14 inches
The NASA researchers projected ___ to ___ inches for the Gulf Coast by 2050
14 to 18 inches
The NASA researchers projected ___ to ___ inches for the West Coast by 2050
4 to 8 inches
climate displacement
movement, in part due to climate-related disasters, both sudden and slow-onset disasters, that are either temporary or permanent, within countries or across borders
If we act now, we could reduce the number of people forced to move due to climate change by as mush as ___%
80%
By 2050- if NO action is taken- there will be more than 143 million internal climate migrants across these 3 regions
Sub-Saharan Africa:
86 million
South Asia:
40 million
Latin America:
17 million
what is the average number of heatwaves that travel across major cities in the United States?
more than six per year (during the 2020s)
The average heat wave season across 50 major cities is __ days longer than it was in the 1960s
49
what will happen if increases in extreme heat waves keep occurring?
lead to more heat- related illnesses and deaths
especially if people and communities are not prepared and do not take steps to adapt.
____ (low/high) minimum temperatures in winter may lead to environmental conditions that are unsuitable for tick population survival
low
The probability of a given geographic area being suitable for tick populations _________ (increases/decreases) as minimum temperature rises.
increases
what virus was first detected in the United States in 1999 and is now the most common cause of mosquito- borne disease in the United States in most years?
West Nile
what are the effects of warmer temperatures associated with climate change on mosquitos?
accelerate mosquito development, biting rates, and the incubation of the disease within a mosquito
Transmission rates of ______ are directly influenced by climatic and weather variables such as temperature, with non-climatic socioeconomic factors and health system responses counteracting the climatic drivers.
malaria
Evidence suggests that in highland areas of _________ and ________ malaria has shifted in warmer years and towards higher altitudes, indicating that, without intervention, malaria will increase at higher elevations as the climate warms.
Colombia and Ethiopia
The transmission of _____ fever is linked to climatic and weather variables such as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.
dengue
what diseases are associated with elevated temperatures?
Water- borne diseases (WBDs)
(especially in areas where water, sanitation and hygiene deficiencies are significant)
In what countries are increasing temperatures associated with increases in diarrhea?
Ethiopia
South Africa
and Senegal
what countries are experiencing increases in monthly rainfall that are also associated with an increase of cases of childhood diarrhea?
Ethiopia
Senegal
and Mozambique
what whether events have been consistently associated with outbreaks of WBDs in Europe, USA, UK and Canada?
Heavy precipitation
Heavy rainfall and higher than normal temperatures are associated with increased ______ risk in affected regions
cholera
What is the key energy source
Fossil Fuels
(oil, natural gas, coal)
True or false: there is a finite supply of fossil fuels. Once it is gone, it is no longer available.
true
fossil
a rock or mineral dug out of the earth
what type of fossil are Oil and natural gas?
fossilized marine plankton
what type of fossil is coal?
fossilized terrestrial plant material
70% of oil deposits existing today were formed in the _______ age (252 to 66 million years ago)
Mesozoic
20% were formed in the ______ age (65 million years ago)
Cenozoic
why was the Mesozoic age marked with making the most amount of oil?
bc this age was marked by a tropical climate, with large amounts of plankton in the ocean
what happens when microscopic phytoplankton die?
they sink to the bottom and accumulated in large quantities in the oxygen-free sediments.
Over time, they get buried deeper and subjected to a long process of chemical conversion by bacterial decomposition and maturing under a thickening pile of sediment
what happens when there is a suitable combination of source rock, reservoir rock, cap rock and a trap in an area?
recoverable oil and gas deposits may be discovered there
how does the formation of coal begin?
in areas of swampy wetlands where groundwater is near or slightly above the topsoil → flora present produces organic matter quickly - faster than it can be decomposed → In these areas, layers of organic matter are accumulated and then buried
what country has the worlds largest oil reserves?
Venezuela
what country has the largest Global Natural Gas Reserves?
russia
Why are Arab Countries are Rich in Oil?
much of the region was covered by ancient shallow seas millions of years ago
what percent of fossil fuels are affecting greenhouse gas emissions?
73.2%
What are the alternative fuel sources that are sustainable?
• Nuclear
• Solar
• Wind
• Hydroelectric
• Geothermal
• Biomass
• Wave/Tidal energy
In a nuclear reactor, _____ energy is released by splitting the nuclei of heavy atoms, such as uranium
thermal
what is the biggest advantage of nuclear energy?
it is clean and provides pollution-free power with very low greenhouse gas emissions
what are the disadvantages of nuclear energy?
• Nuclear weapon proliferation
• The key ingredient of nuclear power
(Uranium 235) is a finite resource
• Radioactive nuclear waste is highly
poisonous and can last in nature for tens
of hundreds to thousands of years
• According to a 2016 report, the area
around the Chernobyl Nuclear Power
Plant will not be safe for human
habitation for at least 20,000 years
• Nuclear plants cost billions of dollars to
build and they take much longer than
any other infrastructure for renewable
energy
solar array
a group of panels, electrically connected and fastened to a supporting structure
Solar cells produce _____
DC (direct current)
true or false: Generating electricity from sunlight is not free.
true
Which country is harnessing the highest amount of solar power now?
China
Top five countries or nations for Solar Energy Consumption
Cook Islands (40%)
Namibia (24.20%)
Palestine (23.26%)
Luxemburg (20.33%)
Chile (17.45%)
In the U.S, Approximately ____% of national electricity comes from solar energy
5.60%
what are the 3 most important Benefits of Solar Energy?
Energy independence
Minimal maintenance required
Low carbon emission
what are the 3 disadvantages of Solar Energy?
High upfront installation cost
Storage is expensive
Discontinuous supply (everyday is not sunny)
wind energy
a byproduct of the sun. The sun’s uneven heating of the atmosphere, the earth’s irregular surfaces, and the planet's revolution around the sun all combine to create wind
who are the top 5 countries of Wind Energy Generation?
China
USA
Germany
UK
Brazil
who are the top 5 countries of Wind Energy Consumption?
Denmark (55%)
Lithuania (37.9%)
Ireland (33.3%)
Uruguay (30.5%)
Portugal (28.3%)
what are the benefits of wind energy?
Low carbon electricity
Cost-effectiveness
Energy independence
Low maintenance
