BUSHONG

matter

it occupies space and has mass. This includes everything we see around us, from the air we breathe to the objects we use daily.

atoms and molecule

what are matter made of?

false

is mass and weight the same?

TRUE or FALSE

kg

measurement of mass?

lb

measurement of weight?

one-sixth

on the moon the man and woman would only weigh about what?

1000

the prefix of kilo stand for?

1000 gram

the prefix of kilogram stand for?

kinetic energy

it is the energy of motion, it is possessed by all matter in motion.

chemical energy

this energy is released by a chemical reaction. this energy is what we have in our bodies, involving the foods we eat.

electrical energy

this energy can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference. the most familiar of this energy is what we have in our household such as electricity.

thermal energy

this energy is related to temperature.

nuclear energy

this energy stored within the nucleus of an atom, we control the release and use of this type of energy in ______ power plants.

electromagnetic energy

this kind of energy is the most familiar in the radiology

energy

E=mc²

what does E stands for?

mass

E=mc²

what does m stands for?

velocity (speed)

E=mc²

what does c stands for?

radiation

energy emitted and transferred through space is called?

ionizing radiation

this is a special type of radiation that is penetrating, and is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts.

• natural environmental radiation

• man-made radiation

what are the two main categories of ionizing radiation?

natural environmental radiation

it is an annual dose of approximately 3 millisieverts (mSv)

man-made radiation

it is an annual dose of approximately 3.1 millisieverts (mSv)

cosmic ray

• this kind of natural environmental radiation are particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars, and this radiation increases with altitude and latitude.

• originate from outer space. They travel through space at extremely high speeds, often approaching the speed of light. 

terrestrial radiation

this kind of natural environmental radiation is resulting from deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides in the earth, and is highly dependent on geology of the local area.

radon

this kind of natural environmental radiation is the largest source, and is radioactive gas that is produced by natural radioactive decay decay of uranium.

Weight

The force exerted on a body due to gravity; weight varies with gravitational pull but mass remains constant.

Mass

The quantity of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg).

Ionizing Radiation

Radiation capable of removing an orbital electron from an atom, leading to ionization.

X-rays

A form of electromagnetic radiation used in medical imaging, produced when high-energy electrons collide with a target.

Radiography

The use of x-rays to create images of the internal structures of the body.

Air Kerma

The kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons during ionization, measured in gray in air (Gya).

Absorbed Dose

The amount of radiation energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue, measured in gray (Gyt).

Effective Dose

A measure of the biological effect of radiation on human tissue, expressed in sieverts (Sv).

Becquerel (Bq)

The unit of radioactivity, defined as one disintegration per second.

Coolidge Tube

A type of x-ray tube that allows for precise control of x-ray intensity and energy.

Snook Transformer

An early high-voltage power supply that improved the production of x-rays.

Fluoroscopy

A technique that provides real-time moving images of the interior of the body using x-rays.

Potential Energy

The stored energy of an object due to its position or configuration.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of an object in motion, dependent on its mass and the square of its velocity.

Radiation Protection

Measures taken to minimize exposure to ionizing radiation for both patients and healthcare workers.

ALARA

An acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable," a principle in radiation safety to minimize exposure.

National Council on Radiation Protection Measurement (NCRP)

It's a U.S. organization that provides guidance and recommendations on radiation protection and measurement practices, aims to ensure that radiation exposure to the public, workers, and the environment is kept at levels that are as low as reasonably achievable while still allowing for the benefits of radiation use in various fields like medicine,

3.0 mSv

what is the current annual dose accepted in using of ionizing radiation for medical application?

crookes tube

this tube is capable of producing x-ray.

sir william crookes

who discovered crookes tube?

• (kVp)

• = kV is equal to 1000v of electric potential

what is the measurement of x-ray voltage?

• (Ma)

• a = electric current

• M = prefix milli stands for 1/1000

what is the measurement of x-ray currents?

Gamma rays

this rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation that is produced during nuclear reactions and the decay of radioactive elements. 

X-rays

this rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that is used in medicine to image the interior of the body.

(UV) radiation

this rays is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is present in sunlight.

Visible light

this rays is a form of electromagnetic radiation that can be seen by the human eye. 

Radio waves

are a form of electromagnetic radiation that is used for communication and navigation, including television and radio broadcasting, cell phone communication, and GPS.

Internally deposited nuclides

this kind of Natural Environmental Radiation are radioactive materials that have entered the human body through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption.

Diagnostic x-ray

what is the largest dose of Man-Made Radiation?

External Exposure

This refers to radiation exposure that comes from sources outside the human body.

Internal Exposure

This involves the ingestion or inhalation of naturally occurring radioactive substances, such as radon gas or radioactive isotopes of elements like uranium and thorium.

Air Kerma (Gy_a)

• Kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons during ionization and excitation

• A unit of radiation exposure or intensity

• Measured in joule per kilogram (J/kg) where 1 J/kg is 1 gray

• 1 R = 2.08 x 108 ip/cm3 of air

• 1 R = 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg (Electric charges per unit mass of air or the electrons liberated by ionization)

Rad (Gy_t)

• Radiation energy absorbed per unit mass and has units of J/kg or Gy_t

• Is used when describing the quantity of radiation received by the patient

• Is a unit of radiation absorbed dose (rad)

• Is related to biologic effects

1 Gy_t = 100 rad

Sievert (Sv)

• Unit of occupational radiation exposure and effective dose

• Used to analyze radiation monitoring devices

• Customary unit is rem (radiation equivalent man)

• 1 Sv = 100 rem

Becquerel (Bq)

• Unit of quantity of radioactive material

• Unit of radioactivity

• Quantity of radioactivity in which a nucleus disintegration per second (1 dps = 1 Bq)

• 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq