Unit 4 HWs

A patient arrives with a deep cut on the arm that has become red, swollen, and warm. The affected tissue appears to contain blood vessels and nerves beneath the epidermis.

As a healthcare worker, you recognize this infected layer of skin as the:

dermis

During a wound culture, you explain to the patient that the outermost surface of the skin consists of dead, keratinized cells that form a tough barrier against microbes.

You are referring to the:

stratum corneum

A patient complains of small, pus-filled lesions on the skin, naming them pimples.

As a healthcare worker, you note they are called:

pustules

A patient presents with flat, discolored patches on the forearm that do not contain fluid or pus.

You identify these lesions as:

macules

A patient complains of a terrible pain on the leg. It appears to be one deep, pus-filled abscess, but is formed from multiple furuncles, or infected hair follicles.

As a healthcare worker, you note this abscess to be a:

carbuncle

A patient complains of a sore on the eye. You note inflammation of the eyelid margin and adivise the patient this often causes redness, irritation, and crusting and that you want them to avoid rubbing.

You inform the patient that the inflammation is:

blepharitis

A preschooler presents with honey-colored crusts around the nose and mouth. The lesions began as small blisters that ruptured easily.

The most likely cause of this impetigo is

Staphylococcus aureus

A child presents with red, watery eyes and a sticky discharge that causes the eyelids to stick together upon waking.

This condition is commonly known as:

conjunctivitis

A child in a developing country presents with repeated eye infections that have caused scarring of the conjunctiva and eyelids turning inward.

The likely causative agent is:

Chlamydia trachomatis

A patient’s leg wound rapidly becomes swollen and necrotic with severe pain spreading along the tissue. The infection appears to be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

You diagnose this as:

necrotizing fasciitis

A wrestler develops circular, red, scaly patches on the arms that expand outward with a clear center.

You identify this fungal infection as:

tinea corporis (ringworm)

A patient reports intense itching between the fingers that worsens at night. Microscopic examination of a skin scraping reveals burrowing mites.

The most likely causative organism is:

Sarcoptes scabiei

The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the:

nephron

The structure that transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder is the:

ureter

An egg released from the ovary moves through which structure to reach the uterus?

fallopian tube

The urinary bladder and kidneys of healthy individuals typically contain:

no normal microbiota (sterile)

The normal vaginal microbiota in reproductive-age women is dominated by bacteria that produce lactic acid to maintain a low pH.

Lactobacillus spp.

A patient with back pain, fever, and flank tenderness following a bladder infection now shows infection in the renal pelvis.

You suspect:

pyelonephritis

A patient with urinary frequency and burning on urination has bacteria isolated from the bladder but no kidney involvement.

You suspect

cystitis

After a throat infection, a patient develops facial swelling and blood in the urine. The kidneys show inflammation of the glomeruli caused by immune complexes.

You suspect:

glomerulonephritis

A woman presents with thin, grayish discharge and a strong “fishy” odor; clue cells are seen on a wet mount.

You suspect:

bacterial vaginosis (BV)

A man presents with a painless, firm ulcer (chancre) on the genitals that later heals spontaneously, followed by rash on palms and soles.

You suspect:

syphilis

A traveler presents with painful, soft ulcers on the genitals and swollen lymph nodes; the infection is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi.

You suspect:

chancroid

A patient develops clusters of painful vesicles on the genitals that recur periodically. The infection is primarily caused by:

You suspect:

HSV-2

A patient’s Pap smear shows abnormal cervical cells due to persistent viral infection with types 16 and 18. Vaccination with Gardasil helps prevent this.

You suspect:

human papillomavirus (HPV)

A newborn develops widespread skin vesicles and neurological damage after vaginal delivery from an infected mother. This represents:

You suspect:

neonatal herpes (vertical transmission)

A woman presents with itching and a thick, white, “cottage cheese” discharge after antibiotic use; yeast cells with budding are seen.

You suspect:

candida (vaginal yeast infection)

When bacteria colonize the inner lining of the heart, they attach to the:

endocardium

Lymphatic vessels return fluid from tissues back into the bloodstream, ultimately draining into:

large veins near the heart

Fluid leaks from capillaries into tissues and is collected by lymphatic vessels to prevent swelling. This fluid is called:

interstitial fluid

A patient unable to remove old red blood cells efficiently likely has damage to which organ that filters blood and helps detect blood-borne microbes?

spleen

Swollen lymph nodes (buboes) during infection are due to:

increased activity of lymphocytes inside

Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the:

outer layer of the heart

The suffix “-emia,” as in “bacteremia,” specifically refers to microbes located in the:

blood

A patient with fever, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure after a bloodstream infection is showing signs of:

septic shock

A patient using superabsorbent tampons develops sudden fever, rash, and hypotension caused by a bacterial superantigen.

toxic shock syndrome

A deep wound becomes swollen, foul-smelling, and produces gas bubbles in tissue; the infection is caused by a toxin-producing anaerobe.

gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens)

A camper develops fever and swollen, tender lymph nodes (“buboes”) after being bitten by a flea from wild rodents.

You suspect:

plague (Yersenia pestis)

A patient with chronic bone pain and fever has bacterial infection of the bone.

You suspect:

osteomyelitis (Staphylococcus aureus)

A teenager develops fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, and fatigue after sharing drinks; abnormal lymphocytes appear on smear.

You suspect: 

infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

A healthcare worker exposed to bodily fluids develops fever, vomiting, and hemorrhaging from a highly contagious infection.

You suspect: 

ebola virus disease 

A patient has progressive loss of T cells following infection with a retrovirus spread through blood and sexual contact.

You suspect:

HIV

A traveler to Africa develops cyclical episodes of fever and chills caused by protozoa infecting and entering the red blood cells.

You suspect: 

malaria (Plasmodium falciparum)

A pregnant woman cleaning a litter box acquires a protozoan infection dangerous to the fetus.

You suspect:

toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

A patient infected by a “kissing bug” develops swelling near the bite and later heart complications.

You suspect:

chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

Food moves from the esophagus to the stomach through rhythmic muscular contractions known as:

peristalsis

The fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption are called:

villi

A student chews a sugary snack; bacteria in dental plaque metabolize the sugar and produce acid, leading to tooth enamel damage and dental caries.

 

The main bacterium involved is:

Streptococcus mutans

The hardest substance in the human body that covers the crown of the tooth is:

enamel

Specialized epithelial cells that secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the intestinal lining are called:

goblet cells

A patient’s medical report lists “hepatosplenomegaly.” "-Megaly" refers to overly enlarged organs. "Spleno-" refers to the spleen.

The prefix “hepa-” refers to

liver

A patient presents with painful gums, swelling, and bleeding after brushing.

 

The likely diagnosis is:

gingivitis

A child develops swollen salivary glands and pain while chewing. You review their vaccination record and note they are missing an MMR dose.

The likely infection is:

mumps

A patient with HIV develops white patches in the mouth that can be scraped off, revealing red, inflamed tissue beneath.

You suspect:

oral thrush (Candida albicans)

A patient develops vomiting and diarrhea a few hours after eating fried rice left at room temperature.

The likely cause is:

Bacillus cereus

A camper develops bloody diarrhea after consuming undercooked chicken. The stool culture reveals curved, flagellated Gram-negative rods.

The likely cause is:

Campylobacter jejuni

A hospitalized patient on antibiotics develops severe diarrhea with a distinct odor; stool toxin test is positive.

 

The likely cause is:

Clostridioides difficile

A teenager develops bloody diarrhea after eating an undercooked hamburger. Stool culture identifies E. coli O157:H7, which produces a potent Shiga-like toxin that damages intestinal blood vessels.

You suspect:

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

A backpacker in Central America develops watery diarrhea after drinking untreated water. The illness resolves within a few days and is caused by E. coli that produces heat-labile and heat-stable toxins.

You suspect:

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

A person eats cream pastries and develops nausea and vomiting within two hours.

You suspect:

Staphylococcal food poisoning

A Union army cook infects several soldiers at the fort with a fecal–oral transmitted hepatitis virus causing a local outbreak.

You suspect:

hepatitis A

An AIDS patient develops severe watery diarrhea caused by oocysts found in contaminated water.

You suspect:

cryptosporidiosis

A child accidentally ingests eggs and later passes large roundworms visible in stool.

You suspect:

ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)

A hunter develops muscle pain after eating undercooked wild game; larvae are found encysted in muscle tissue.

You suspect:

trichinosis (Trichonella spirella)

A person who eats undercooked beef later passes proglottid segments in stool.

You suspect:

tapeworm infection (Taenia solium)