5.4 b Overview of Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders with emotional extremes.

Depressive Disorders

Group of disorders with persistent sad mood.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Two weeks of depressed mood and loss of interest.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

Mild depression lasting at least two years.

Symptoms of MDD

Five or more symptoms required for diagnosis.

Depressed Mood

Feeling sad, empty, or irritable most of the time.

Loss of Interest

Dramatically reduced interest in most activities.

Appetite Regulation Problems

Significant challenges in appetite and weight.

Sleep Regulation Problems

Significant challenges in sleep patterns.

Physical Agitation

Restlessness or lethargy affecting daily functioning.

Feelings of Worthlessness

Perception of unwarranted guilt or low self-worth.

Cognitive Challenges

Problems with thinking, concentrating, or decision-making.

Suicidal Thoughts

Repetitive thoughts about death or suicide.

Anxiety Disorders

Disorders characterized by excessive fear or worry.

Specific Phobia

Intense fear of specific objects or situations.

Acrophobia

Fear of heights leading to avoidance behavior.

Arachnophobia

Fear of spiders causing significant distress.

Agoraphobia

Fear of situations where escape might be difficult.

Panic Disorder

Recurrent panic attacks causing significant anxiety.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Fear of social situations and being judged.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Chronic anxiety about various aspects of life.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Presence of obsessions and compulsions affecting daily life.

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter.

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder with depression and mania episodes.

Mania

Hyperactive, euphoric state with impulsive behavior.

Bipolar Cycling

Alternating episodes of depression and mania.

Bipolar 1 Disorder

Severe form with more intense manic episodes.

Bipolar 2 Disorder

Less severe form with hypomania and depressive episodes.

Hypomania

Less severe manic episodes in Bipolar 2.

Genetic Predisposition

Increased risk if family has depressive disorders.

Brain Activity

Diminished during depression, increased in mania.

Frontal Lobes

Smaller in individuals with severe depression.

Hippocampus

Vulnerable to stress-related damage in depression.

White Matter

Less present in cerebral cortex of bipolar patients.

Norepinephrine

Low in depression, high during manic episodes.

Serotonin

Low levels associated with depressive disorders.

Reciprocal Determinism

Interaction of thoughts, actions, and environment.

Learned Helplessness

Condition where individuals feel powerless to change.

Rumination

Compulsive overthinking about problems and causes.

Explanatory Style

How individuals attribute successes and failures.

Stable Attribution

Belief that bad events will last forever.

Global Attribution

Belief that bad events affect all aspects of life.

Internal Attribution

Belief that failures are one's own fault.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Persistent, uncontrollable anxiety for 6 months.

Autonomic Nervous System

System in constant arousal state affecting anxiety.

Free-Floating Anxiety

Anxiety not linked to specific stressor.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Persistent anxiety lasting months without specific cause.

Panic Disorder

Unpredictable episodes of intense dread and fear.

Panic Attacks

Episodes of intense fear with physical symptoms.

Ataque de Nervios

Culture-bound disorder with panic-like symptoms in Latinx.

Specific Phobia

Irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects.

Arachnophobia

Fear of spiders causing panic responses.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear of judgment in social situations.

Taijin Kyofusho

Japanese social anxiety about body judgment.

Agoraphobia

Fear of public spaces leading to avoidance.

Learning Perspective

Anxiety disorders arise from conditioning and learning.

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association of stimuli and responses.

Operant Conditioning

Behavior reinforced by consequences, maintaining anxiety.

Stimulus Generalization

Fear extends to similar stimuli after a traumatic event.

Reinforcement in Anxiety

Avoidance behavior is reinforced by reduced anxiety.

Cognitive Behavioral Link

Perception of threats influences anxiety levels.

Cultural Influence on Anxiety

Cultural contexts shape expressions of anxiety disorders.

Age and Anxiety

Anxiety tends to decrease with increasing age.

Gender Differences in Anxiety

Higher prevalence of anxiety disorders in women.

Comorbidity with Depression

Depression often accompanies anxiety disorders.

Observational learning

Learning fear by observing others' reactions.

Hypervigilance

Enhanced sensory sensitivity to perceived threats.

Biological perspective

Evolutionary role of fears in survival.

Natural selection

Easily learned fears of relevant stimuli.

Evolutionarily relevant stimuli

Fears linked to survival threats like heights.

Genetic predispositions

Inherited traits affecting emotional reactivity.

Neurotransmitter (NT) production

Chemical signaling in the brain influencing anxiety.

Anterior cingulate cortex

Brain area overactive in OCD cases.

Amygdala

Brain region creating new fear circuits.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Anxiety disorder with obsessions and compulsions.

Obsessions

Repetitive, anxiety-provoking thoughts in OCD.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors to alleviate obsessive thoughts.

Hoarding Disorder

Compulsion to collect items causing distress.

Learned Associations

Connections between stimuli and emotional responses.

Maladaptive Thinking

Cognitive distortions worsening obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Emotional responses

Feelings exacerbating maladaptive thought patterns.

Genetic factors

Hereditary components influencing OCD and anxiety.

Cognitive appraisals

Interpretations of uncertainty leading to anxiety.

Freudian conditioning

Psychodynamic theory linking repressed impulses to anxiety.

Avoidance conditioning

Learning to avoid anxiety-provoking stimuli.

Compulsive behaviors

Actions taken to manage anxiety or obsessions.

Clutter

Accumulation of items disrupting living space.

Distress

Emotional suffering due to compulsive behaviors.