Music Appreciation Unit 3

V

virtuosity

a high

peter pall rubens

A flemish painter during the baroque era who has a style of motion

opera

drama through music

figured bass

a baroque form of musical notation that provided the chords with the melodies that the performer had to fill in

basso continuo

a baroque musical system where the peformer used figured bass to add chords along a given melody

major-minor tonality

a musical system that involves a pull towards a single note

equal temperament

a form of tuning that emerged in the baroque era where the harmonic spacings between the notes were equal, thus allowing more scales to be played

castrato

a male singer who had been castrated during his youth so that he would retain is upper register into adulthood

improvization

creating music on the spot. In baroque music a simple harmony would be written for the musicians to emblish

doxoloy

a prayer of gratitude to God

da capo aria

lyrical songs that are in ABA ternary form, commonly found in the opera

chorale

Lutheran musical congregational hymns

lutheran cantata

Lutheran hymns that were sung by the congregation and a 4 part choir. It is an elaboration of the chorale

collegium musicum

a group of university students and musicians in the baroque era that gave regular performances

bar form

A ternary form involving AAB where the second A section is repeated with new words and the B seciton is closed with the same closing phrase as the A section

ritornello

a passage in baroque or renaissance music that is reoccuring

lining out

a form of congregational worship where the leader would sing a melody and the rest of the congregation would repeat it. This generally lead to a heterophonic texture as everyone would add their own texture to it

heterophinc

the music texture where the same line is sung but each voice sings a slight variation

solfege

a system of teaching music by give a spoken syllable to each tone

shape-note notation

a music notation system that originated within the early 19th Century where the shapes of the notes determine the pitch

sacred harp singing

a musical traditional that involves reading shape note notation

anthem

the protestant form of the motet. It can be song congressionally or privately. It is in english and is sung liturgically

villancico

mixed language devotional songs that resulted from the blending between Catholic and Indigenous Culture. Some of the were composed by Gaspar Fernandes. It combined Aztec culture and Catholic tradition

suit

a collection of dance-like songs. it is a genre of baroque music. Often the structure would either be AABB or ABA with B modulating to a key that is dominant to A.

allemande

a german style of dance

courante

a french style of dance that was in triple meter

sarabande

a spanish style of dance in triple meter

jig or gigue

an english style of dance in compoun dmeter

minuet

a triple meter dance style that was common in the 18th and 19th centuries

gavotte

a duple meter french dance style of dance

bourree

a french style of dance typically in duple meter

passepied

a french baroque court dance that is essentially a faster version of the minuet

hornpipe

a country dance in the British Isles. It is often in a triple meter.

concerto

a baroque instrumental genre that comes from an italian word for constrast It involves three movements, usually with ritornelo form.

ritornello form

a baroque form involving a repeated section (that may be varied) and then being interrupted with different “episodes”

program music

instrumental music that is made to depict words, it involves an instrumental analogy to word-painting

episode

an interruption of the ritornellos. These will often feature distinctly different musical content. It tends to have free and inventive material

organ

an instrument that is played via a keyboard that controls air that flows over pipes, making sound

harpsichord

the predecessor of the piano, it uses quills to pluck strings. It was incapable of sustaining.

toccata

a virtuoso composition for organ or the harpsichord. It has a free and rhapsodic style. During the baroque, it was created as an introduction for the fugue

prelude

a musical piece that introduces another

fugue

a structure contrapuntal musical piece that is polyphonic. It emerged during the baroque era

imitation

a melodic idea that is played by another voice

subject

the central idea of the fugue

answer

the second playing of the subject in a fugue, usually a 4th or 5th above the subject

countersubject

a secondary theme in the fugue

exposition

the section of a fugue where each voice plays the subject in turne

episode (fugue)

the interlude that is between segments that has the subject in a fugue

augmentation

a contrapuntal device where the subject is played more slowly

diminution

a contrapuntal device where you play the subject faster

retrograde

a contrapuntal device where the subject is played backwards

inversion

a contrapuntal device where the subject is played upside downs

stretto

when the subject occurs faster in a fugue, causing overlap and heightened tension