Unit 7: The Respiratory System - Anatomy and Ventilation (Module 2)

gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, olfaction, speech

functions of the respiratory system

nose

respiratory structure made of bone and cartilage

external nares

AKA nostrils

nasal conchae/turbinates

bony projections in the nasal cavity

mucus membrane

what kind of membrane are the nasal conchae lined with?

filter, warm air, hydration

3 functions of the nasal conchae

olfactory

______ receptors are present in the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae

goblet cells

produces mucus

pharynx

AKA throat

pharynx

respiratory structure common to food and air

nasopharynx

most superior part of the pharynx; contains the pharyngeal tonsils and opening for Eustachian tube.

oropharynx

part of the pharynx posterior to the oral cavity; contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

laryngopharynx

part of the pharynx that opens into the esophagus and larynx

larynx

aka voice box

larynx

connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea

cartilage, muscle, and connective tissue

what is the larynx composed of?

larynx

contains vocal cords

epoglottis

covers larynx during swallowing reflex

trachea

aka windpipe

trachea

extends from the larynx to the bronchi

c shape

what shape are the rings of cartilage in the trachea?

ciliated epithelial cells

what type of cells are in the trachea?

tracheostomy

surgical opening to the trachea; typically used for upper airway obstruction

intubation

inserting tube to restore airflow; typically used for asthma attack and allergic reaction

bronchi

the branches off of the trachea

bronchi

one of these for each lung

secondary bronchi

one of these for each lobe of the lung

primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → alveolar ducts

order of branching in the bronchi

decreases, increases

as cartilage _____, smooth muscle ______

muscle spasms

cause of asthma attacks

cardiac notch

structure of lung that allows room for heart

10%

left lung is ____ smaller

3

how many lobes does the right lung have?

2

how many lobes does the left lobe have?

pleura

serous membrane surrounding each lung

parietal pleura

part of the pleura that lines the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura

part of the pleura that adheres to the lungs

pleurisy/pleuritis

inflammation of the pleural membrane; friction between layers is painful

300 million

there are approximately ______ alveoli between both lungs

alveoli

grape-like clusters of sacs in lungs

redundancy and increased surface area

why are there so many alveoli in the lungs?

Type 1 alveolar cells

make up the lining of the wall of the alveoli

Type 1 alveolar cells

most common type of alveolar cell

simple squamous epithelium

what type of cell are type I alveolar cells?

Type 1 alveolar cells

where gas exchange occurs in alveoli

Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)

alveolar cell that recreates fluid

surfactant

lipid containing fluid in the lungs

Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)

contains surfactant

decreases surface tension in alveoli, prevents alveolar collapse, aids in inflation

functions of surfactant in alveolar cells

respiratory distress syndrome

common in premature infants, often due to a lack of surfactant; alveoli collapse after each exhalation; a great deal of effort is required to reopen them

alveolar macrophages

alveolar cell that wanders to rid debris

fibroblasts

alveolar cell that produces supporting fibers

respiratory membrane

formed by alveolar wall and endothelium of capillaries; 0.5 µm thick; allows for diffusion of gases

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air in and out of lungs

external respiration

exchange of gases at the respiratory membrane

internal respiration

exchange of gases between the systemic capillaries and tissues

cellular respiration

cells using oxygen to generate ATP

pressure changes within the thoracic cavity as muscles contract and relax

how is pulmonary ventilation possible?

diaphragm and external intercostals

major muscles of pulmonary ventilation

inhalation (inspiration)

pressure inside the thoracic cavity must be lower than the atmospheric pressure; done by contracting muscles, increasing lung volume

exhalation (expiration)

increase in air pressure within the thoracic cavity; caused by muscle relaxation

elasticity of muscles and the lungs

what causes the lungs to naturally recoil forcing air out?

surface tension

the _______ within alveoli also contributes to exhalation

pneumothorax

collapsed lung; air enters the pleural space; equalizes atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure

eupnea

normal respiration; 12-20 bpm

tachypnea

rapid breathing; 20+ bpm; tends to be shallow

apnea

temporary cessation of breathing;

dyspnea

abnormal, labored breathing; Ex. COPD