Reproductive & Urinary High-Yield Biomedical Sciences Flashcards

Biomedical Sciences

Where is cervical dysplasia most commonly found?

Transformation zone of the cervix.

What hormone surge causes ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

What is the function of progesterone in the luteal phase?

Maintains endometrial lining, inhibits LH/FSH, increases BBT.

Which lymph nodes drain the lateral breast?

Axillary lymph nodes.

Which hormone stimulates Sertoli cells?

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH).

What do Leydig cells secrete?

Testosterone.

What hormone is secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts to maintain pregnancy?

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).

Which cells secrete surfactant in the lungs?

Type II alveolar cells.

What is the primary site for sperm maturation?

Epididymis.

What is the pathophysiology of PCOS?

Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and anovulation.

What are signs of endometriosis?

Pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility.

What is the most common cause of bacterial vaginosis?

Gardnerella vaginalis.

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Membranous nephropathy.

What urinary cast is pathognomonic for acute pyelonephritis?

WBC casts.

What glomerular disease is associated with hematuria post-URI?

IgA nephropathy.

What is the most common type of testicular cancer?

Seminoma.

What is a key sign of hydrocele?

Transilluminating fluid-filled sac in the scrotum.

What defines preeclampsia?

BP >140/90 after 20 weeks + proteinuria (>300 mg/24h).

What is the function of the macula densa?

Senses Na+ levels and regulates GFR via afferent arteriole.

What enzyme system regulates blood pressure in the kidney?

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS).

What hormone is responsible for milk letdown?

Oxytocin.

What hormone is responsible for milk production?

Prolactin.

What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea?

Turner syndrome (45,XO).

What structure supports the ovary and contains the ovarian vessels?

Suspensory ligament of the ovary.

Which hormone causes follicle rupture and ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

What is the function of granulosa cells?

Convert androgens to estrogens via aromatase.

What marks the start of the follicular phase?

Onset of menstruation.

What hormone dominates the luteal phase?

Progesterone.

What congenital disorder causes ambiguous genitalia in females and salt wasting?

21-hydroxylase deficiency.

What is the most common benign tumor of the uterus?

Leiomyoma (fibroid).

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

Secrete lubricating mucus before ejaculation.

What is the tunica albuginea?

Dense connective tissue layer surrounding the testes.

What is the gubernaculum?

Fibrous cord that guides testicular descent.

What is cryptorchidism?

Undescended testes.

What is the most common site of ectopic pregnancy?

Ampulla of the fallopian tube.

What is the difference between complete and partial molar pregnancy?

Complete has 46 chromosomes (paternal only), no fetal tissue; partial has triploidy and fetal tissue.

What hormone is elevated in molar pregnancy?

hCG.

Which HPV strains are high risk for cervical cancer?

HPV 16 and 18.

What are the stages of labor?

1. Cervical dilation, 2. Delivery of baby, 3. Delivery of placenta.

What is lochia?

Postpartum vaginal discharge containing blood and mucus.

What nephron segment reabsorbs most filtered glucose?

Proximal tubule.

What type of epithelium lines the bladder?

Transitional epithelium.

What part of the nephron is impermeable to water?

Thick ascending loop of Henle.

What is the primary role of the distal tubule?

Sodium reabsorption and potassium/hydrogen secretion.

What hormone increases aquaporin insertion in the collecting duct?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

What is the main driving force for glomerular filtration?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

What are the three layers of the filtration barrier?

Endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes.

What condition shows 'muddy brown casts' on urinalysis?

Acute tubular necrosis.

What urinary cast is seen in glomerulonephritis?

RBC casts.

What is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?

Proteinuria >3.5 g/day.

What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome?

Edema, hyperlipidemia, thromboembolism.

What is the hallmark of nephritic syndrome?

Hematuria with RBC casts.

What condition is associated with anti-GBM antibodies?

Goodpasture's syndrome.

What renal condition follows Group A strep infection?

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

What renal condition is associated with hearing loss?

Alport syndrome.

What causes prerenal azotemia?

Hypoperfusion (e.g., dehydration, blood loss).

What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?

Escherichia coli.

What is the best test to confirm vesicoureteral reflux?

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG).

What is the hallmark of polycystic kidney disease?

Multiple renal cysts and hypertension.

What is the pathognomonic finding in acute pyelonephritis?

WBC casts.

What is a common finding in interstitial cystitis?

Pelvic pain, urgency, frequency without infection.

What is the clinical presentation of renal colic?

Flank pain radiating to groin, hematuria, nausea.

What are struvite stones composed of?

Magnesium ammonium phosphate.

What causes hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?

E. coli O157:H7 toxin.

What is the gold standard for diagnosing renal artery stenosis?

Renal arteriography.

What is the most common renal malignancy?

Renal cell carcinoma.

What are paraneoplastic syndromes of renal cell carcinoma?

Polycythemia, hypercalcemia, Cushing's.

What is Wilm's tumor and who gets it?

Nephroblastoma in children under 10.

What is the embryologic origin of the trigone of the bladder?

Mesonephric duct.

What causes hydronephrosis?

Urinary outflow obstruction.

What is the role of aldosterone in the kidney?

Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.

Which electrolyte disturbance is caused by Addison's disease?

Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia.

What part of the nephron responds to PTH to increase Ca2+ reabsorption?

Distal convoluted tubule.

What condition is associated with staghorn calculi?

Recurrent UTIs with urease-positive organisms.

What urinary structure has both voluntary and involuntary sphincters?

Urethra.

What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on the kidney?

Dilate efferent arterioles and reduce GFR.

What test measures GFR most accurately?

Inulin clearance.

What is the consequence of bilateral renal agenesis?

Oligohydramnios and Potter sequence.

What hormone is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells?

Renin.

What structure senses NaCl concentration in the distal tubule?

Macula densa.