Y9 History - Industrial Revolution

Define revolution

Dramatic, wide-reaching change - conditions / attitudes / operations.

Define urbanisation

Population shift from rural to urban and how societies adapt to change.

Industrialisation / industrial revolution

Social + economic change. Agrarian to industrial society. Re-organisation of an economy for manufacturing

Industrial revolution dates (British)

1760-1840 (18-19th century)

Order of the common revolutions

American, French, Industrial

Why did the industrial revolution occur

New technological innovations led to improved farming and manufacturing methods. Farming technologies required less people, they moved to the city for more work.

Industrial capitalism

Emerged during the IR. Making profits. Wealthies during the 18th century wanted efficient ways to produce goods and earn money. Invested in factories, machines, transport systems. In a capitalist system, people compete to make more money. Even more people created etc. Led to people moving to the cities for money…

Geography and resources

Coal, iron, and water were essential for machines, goods, and transporting materials

Agricultural revolution

Increased food production. Crop rotation, selective breeding, and new farming equipment (e.g. the seed drill). Excess food and labor, more people could work in industries than farming

Political stability

Britain had a stable political environment and could focus on economic growth, investment and innovation

Technological innovation

The development of a network of roads, canals and railways made it easier to transport goods across the country, efficiency and low transport costs

Social and cultural factors

Scientific inquiry promoted rational thinking and invention. Growing demand for consumer goods, spurring industrial production

Labor availability

Urbanisation provided a large labor force, fuelling growth of factories

Steam locomotive

Transport, more efficient than horse-drawn wagons to and from the mines. Year round, all climates. Cheap to transport goods, economic boost.

Spinning Jenny

Machine that spun yarn from cotton or wool. Less hard work, quick and accurate, didn’t get tired. Increased productivity, met demand.

Population change

1750-1900. 7-37million

Consquences of IR

• Increased population = need more homes. Little regulations = cramped, cheap, quick homes.

• No home had bathroom / toilet / running water. Collect water from local pump. Cesspits collected at night, dumped in river.

• Separation of rich, poor. Magistrates did not do anything if only poor affected. Lived away. Improvements = waste of money.

Account for population increase during the IR

Increase in: food production, living conditions, medical knowledge. Also Factory Act

What was the 1833 Factory Act?

Laws regulating pay and working conditions in factories

When was the 1833 Factory Act established?

August 29th, 1833

Features of 1833 Factory Act

• No children under 9

• Max working week of 48h for 9-13.

• Max working week of 63h for 13-18, women.

• Under 13 receive elementary schooling 2h/day

• Children cannot work at night.

• Employers must have age certificate for children

• Factory inspectorate created

Positives of factory workers’ conditions

• Children given meals

• Wage to pay off things, excess income for additional goods

• Learn new skills

• Children could work with others

Negatives of factory workers’ conditions

• Dangerous, harmful conditions

• Long hours of labour

• Punishments

• Lack of education, illiteracy

• Loud, damage to hearing

Positives of general population lives

• Factory owners got rich

• Increased access to goods, cheaper

• Technology advancements

• Easier travel

Negatives of general population lives

• Overcrowding due to urbanisation

• Poor factory working conditions

• Air and water pollution

• Poor quality housing

• Low life expectancy

Define European imperialism

Extending the rule of an over foreign countries, or acquiring places.

Describe European imperialism

19th century, key European countries and the US became centres of world power. Europeans wanted control of the globe. Steam engines, the mass production of iron and steel and machine-made tools gave economic and military advantages against opposition. Warfare - thousands of Indians and Chinese died in the struggle.

Define Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest”—  certain people become powerful because they are innately better. Justifies imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality

Which European powers gained the most overseas territories in 1750?

Portugal, Spain, France

Which European powers gained the most overseas territories in 1900?

France, Britain

Economic reasons for imperialism

Countries needed places to trade for raw materials and markets to sell the goods

Nationalist reasons for imperialism

Nationhood and pride in national achievements strong in Europe, 19th century. Possession of colonies = sign of national strength and prestige.

Security reasons for imperialism

Control of overseas territory = strategic advantages over other Europeans. Possession of territory in Asia gave British control of straits, seas and oceans, + security in conflict.

Social problems Europeans brought

Alchohol. Disease in Asia and Africa

Dates of the Age of Exploration

Late 15th century - early 17th century

How did the Europeans discover African slaves?

Europeans liked exotic spices, silks and porcelain in only Asia, but Muslim traders had complete control over the Far East trade routes

Europeans explored bypassing water routes. The Portuguese took lead, sent voyages down the west coast of Africa. On those, found a new good - human. 

Stage 1 of Triangular Trade

Manu goods from Europe to Africa: cloth, spirit, tobacco, beads, cowrie shells, metal goods, and guns. Guns helped expand empires and obtain more slaves. These goods were exchanged for African slaves.

Stage 2 of Triangular Trade

The Middle Passage, shipping the slaves to the Americas.

Stage 3 of Triangular Trade

Return to Europe with the produce from the slave-labour plantations: cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and rum. 

Map of the Triangular Trade

Order of the Triangular Trade

Europe to Africa, Africa to Americas, Americas to Europe.

Statistics of Atlantic Slave Trade

15-19th century, 10-12 million

First Europeans to transport slaves

Portuguese

Death rate of slaves on the journey

15-20%

Benefits of imperialism

• Industrial development

• Increased food production + techniques = high life expectancy

• Brutal traditional practices suppressed

• Education and training of colonial people

Slave revolts

300 documented. La Amistad successful, involved 53 slaves. Sent back to Africa.

Slave trade and industrial revolution.

The trade of slaves helped boost the economy - money from the trade (produced from slave labour on the plantations). E.g, slaves worked in America, picking cotton. Cotton sent to England to be spun into clothes by machines, sold. This money helped create more machines and factories.

Slave trade and imperialism.

Britain made money by trading slaves and using their labour to produce items. This money helped Britain build and expand its empire - building ships, funding armies. Britain could take even more land. New colonies also provided more places for it to sell goods and make MORE money.

Slave trade and Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism supported how certain races were innately better, and this justified taking less superior races, like the Africans, as slaves.

Slave treatment in America

• Ruthless and unfair

• Bottom of hierarchy, little to no legal rights

• Property, sold in marketplaces

• Working hard, depended entirely on enslavers

What was a plantation in the 16th century?

Overseas areas English settled in. E.g, Massachusetts Bay, Virginia.

Europe’s involvement with the plantations

Although plantations = American and slaves = African, land and revenue was controlled by Europeans

What fuelled European economic growth

Overseas territories and unpaid slave labour

What did slaves primarily work in?

Agriculture

Slave population in Southern US

increased from 1/10 to 1/3