eukaryotic cells

What are eukaryotic cells?

Cells with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Regulates cell activities and contains genetic material.

What does the nucleolus produce?

Ribosomes; occupies 25% of nucleus volume.

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Modifies and transports proteins; has ribosomes.

What are glycoproteins?

Proteins with carbohydrate groups for specific functions.

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies toxins.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Modifies proteins and forms transport vesicles.

What are lysosomes?

Digestive organelles that recycle cellular materials.

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria; site of respiration.

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP.

What are chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis organelles in plant cells.

What is the photosynthesis equation?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What do vacuoles do?

Store substances; large in plant cells.

What are plastids?

Synthesize and store chemicals; include chloroplasts.

What is the function of the cell wall?

Provides structure; only in plant cells.

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

Supports cell structure and aids in movement.

What are centrioles involved in?

Cell division; mostly in animal cells.

What are cilia?

Short, hair-like structures for movement.

What are flagella?

Long, whip-like structures for cell movement.

What are prokaryotic cells?

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus.

What do methanogens produce?

Methane; survive without oxygen.

Where do halophiles live?

In high-salt environments; produce ATP.

What do thermophiles thrive in?

Temperatures above 60°C; heat-stable proteins.

What are psychrophiles adapted to?

Survive below 15°C; flexible membranes.