eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic Cells Cells with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Nucleus Regulates cell activities and contains genetic material. Nucleolus Produces ribosomes; occupies 25% of nucleus volume. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Modifies and transports proteins; has ribosomes. Glycoproteins Proteins with carbohydrate groups for specific functions. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies toxins. Golgi Apparatus Modifies proteins and forms transport vesicles. Lysosomes Digestive organelles that recycle cellular materials. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell; site of respiration. Cellular Respiration Glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP. Chloroplasts Photosynthesis organelles in plant cells. Photosynthesis Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. Vacuoles Store substances; large in plant cells. Plastids Synthesize and store chemicals; include chloroplasts. Cell Wall Provides structure; only in plant cells. Cytoskeleton Supports cell structure and aids in movement. Centrioles Involved in cell division; mostly in animal cells. Cilia Short, hair-like structures for movement. Flagella Long, whip-like structures for cell movement. Prokaryotic Cells Single-celled organisms without a nucleus. Methanogens Produce methane; survive without oxygen. Halophiles Live in high-salt environments; produce ATP. Thermophiles Thrive above 60°C; heat-stable proteins. Psychrophiles Survive below 15°C; flexible membranes.