Exam 3- Soc 100

Family

• Group of Individuals

  • related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption

  • who form an economic unit

  • adult members are responsible for the upbringing of children

Kinship (Blood)

• the state of being related to others

Bilateral descent

• both sides of a person’s family are regarded asa equally important in determining kinship

Patrilineal descent

• father’s relatives are siginificant in terms of property, inheritance, and emotional ties

Matrilineal descent

• mother’s relatives are significant

Nuclear family

• two adults living together in a househokd with their biological/adopted children

Extended family

• more than two generations of relatives living within the same household/very close to one another

Pseudo-kin

• relationships resembling kinish ties develop among unrelated individuals

Marriage (Law)

• emotional, legal, and socially-approved commitment of two people to share emotional and physical imtimacy, avrious tasks, economic resources, and values

Serial monogamy

• form of marriage in which a person has several spouses ing his/her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time

Polygamy

• form of marriage in ehich an individual may have several husbands or wives simultaneously

Polygyny

• men may have more than one wife simultaneously

Polyandry

• women may have more than one husband simultaneously

Families of orientation

• families into which individuals are born

Families of procreation

• families individuals initiate via marriage/cohabitation/having children

Primary socialization

• process by which children learn the cultural norms/expectations for behavior of the society into which they are born

Personality stabilization

• role the family plays in assistingits adult members emotionally

Principle of Least Interest

• the partner who is least committed to, or interested in, their romantic relationship has more power and might often exploit that power

Triangular Theory of Love

1. Commitment

• Cognitive attachment to another person that develops over time

2. Intimacy

• Sharing feelings and providing emotional support

3. Passion

• Linked to physiological arousal

Endogamy

• tradition of choosing a mate from within one’s group

Exogamy

• tradition of choosing a mate from outside one’s group

Affective Individualism

• Belief in romantic attachment as a basis for contecting marriage ties

Cohabitation

• two people living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence without being married to one another

Types of Parenting

1. Democratic/Authoritative

2. Authoritarian

3. Permissive

4. Uninvolved

Concerted Cultivation

• active engagement and sustained supervision in order to foster children’s growth and development

Accomplishment of Natural Growth

• parents provide broad guidelines for behavior and allow children the freedom to nagigate the world on their own, is more used by working-class and poor families

No-fault divorce

• divorce sought on the grounds of “irreconcilable differences“

Uncoupling

• social separation that occurs before the actual physical parting

Parental Alienation

• process through which one parent engages in emotional and psychological manipulation of a child to estrange them from their other parent

Stepfamily

• family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living either in the home or nearby

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

• the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5-4) that the U.S. Constitution guarantees individuals the right to same-sex marriage

Child Abuse

• serious physical harm—-trauma, sexual abuse with injury, or willful malnutrition——with intent to injure

Education

• a social institution dedicated to the formal process of transmitting culture form teachers to students

Achievement Gap

• disparity on a number of educational outcomes between the performance of groups of students (especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status)

Intelligence

• level of intellectual ability

Intelligence Quotient

• a score attained on test of symbolic or reasoning abilites

Emotional Intelligence

• ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of onesel/others

Credentialism

• an increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field

Hidden Curriculum

• traits of behavior or attiudes that are llearned at school but not included in the formal curriculum

Cultural reproduction

• schools reproduce ineuqualities by rewarding certain cultural norms over others

Cultural capital

• knowledge about what is considered “high“ or respected culture, expressed most clearly in certain people’s capacity to be able to talk intelligently about art or literature

Social Capital

• resources based on who you know and can upon for help when you need it

Tracking

• divides students into groups that receive different instructions on the basis of assumed similarities in ability or attaniments

Teacher Expectancy Effect

• the impact that a teacher’s expectations about a student’s performance may have on the student’s actual achievements

School-to-Prison Pipeline

• disproportionate tendency of minority to become incarcerated due to harsh school policies and municipal policies

"Acting white" thesis

• black students do not aspire to or strive to get good grades because it is perceived as “acting white“

Abstract attiudes

• ideas that we consistent with mainstream social views

Concrete attiudes

• ideas that are based on actual experience

Cultura; navigators

• draw from both their home culture and mainstream culture to create an attiude that allows them to be successful

Gender gap

• different between women and men, especially as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attiudes

Stereotype threat

• when african american students believe they are being judged (not as individuals but as members of a negatively sterotyped group), they will do worse on tests

Busing

• policy where students were to were transported to schools (via bus) outside of thier district

No Child Left Behind Act (2001)

• reauthorized current legislation and implemented new policies ment to imporve academic outcomes for all children and close the achievement gap

Standardized Test

situation in which all students take the same test under the same conditions

Race to the top (2009)

• contest created to spur innovation and reforms in state and local district K-12 education

Information Poverty

• people have little or no access to information technology