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What does biopsychology study?
How biology (especially the nervous system) influences behavior.
What field contribute to biopsychology?
psychology, physiology, biology, medicine, chemistry → often called neuroscience.
What does evolutionary psychology study?
The ultimate biological causes of behavior through the lens of natural selection and adaptation.
Who influenced evolutionary psychology’s origins?
Charles Darwin
Give an example of evolutionary psychology research.
Buss (1989) → across 37 cultures, women valued earning potential more; men valued youth and attractiveness more.
What does sensation and perception research focus on?
The physiological and psychological experience of sensory information.
What factors influence perception?
Attention, past experiences, and cultural background.
What does cognitive psychology study?
Cognitions (thoughts) and their relationship to experiences and actions.
Why is cognitive psychology interdisciplinary?
It overlaps with fields like linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science (cognitive science).
What are the key topics in cognitive psychology?
Attention, problem-solving, language, memory.
What does developmental psychology study?
Physical, cognitive, social and moral changes across the lifespan.
Who is a key figure in developmental psychology?
Jean Piaget → theory of cognitive development; discovered infants lack object permanence (understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they are no longer visible or perceived by the senses).
What demographic trend is increasing research into late-life development?
Aging populations → by 2050, ~90 million Americans will be 65+
What does personality psychology focus on?
Patterns of thought and behavior that make individuals unique.
What early theorist tied personality to psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud.
What is the modern approach to personality
Measuring personality traits.
What is the Big Five (Five Factor Model)?
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
What does social psychology study?
How individuals interact with and relate to others.
What famous study did Stanley Milgram conduct?
Obedience study → 2/3 of participants delivered (fake) lethal shocks when instructed by authority. This investigated the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience.
Why was Milgram’s study important for research ethics?
It highlighted the need for ethical guidelines, informed consent, and limits on deception.
What model does health psychology use?
Biopsychosocial model (interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors).
What do health psychologists focus on?
Improving health via policy, education, intervention, and research.
What does sport and exercise psychology study?
Motivation, performance anxiety, and the psychological effects of sport/exercise on wellbeing.
What other domains does sports and exercise psychology apply to?
firefighting, military, surgery, artistic performance.
What does clinical psychology focus on?
Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic behavior.
What therapy approach is influenced by the cognitive revolution?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
How is counseling psychology different from clinical psychology?
Counseling focuses on healthy individuals’ emotional, social, vocational, and health outcomes.
What does forensic psychology involve?
Applying psychology in the justice system (e.g., competency, custody cases, sentencing, eyewitness testimony).
What roles might forensic psychologists play?
Expert witnesses, jury consultants, witness preparation, treatment in criminal justice.)
Are most forensic psychologists criminal profilers
No, profilers are only a small subset.