Culture, Social, and Political Institutions Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture notes on Culture, Social, and Political Institutions.

Kinship

A social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society through blood, marriage, adoption, or culturally accepted rituals.

Consanguineal Kinship

Kinship based on blood relations.

Unilineal Descent

Traced by most societies through a single line of ancestors from either the male (Patrilineal) or female (Matrilineal) line.

Bilateral Descent

Traced through both ancestral lines of the mother and father; also referred to as non-unilineal or cognatic.

Affinal Kinship

Kinship based on marriage.

Endogamy

Marriage within a specific group or community.

Exogamy

Marriage outside a specific group or community.

Monogamy

The practice of having only one partner or mate at a time.

Polygamy

The practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate.

Polygyny

A man has multiple female partners or mates.

Polyandry

A woman has multiple male partners and mates.

Arranged Marriage

Ensuring young individuals marry the most appropriate person according to family, community, or religious rules.

Patrilocal Rule

Married couples stay in the house of the husband’s relatives or near the husband’s kin.

Matrilocal Rule

Couples live with the wife’s relatives or near the wife’s kin.

Bilocal Rule

The newlywed couple stay with the husband’s relatives and the wife’s kin alternately.

Compadrazgo

Ritual kinship in the form of Godparenthood.

Family

Considered as the basic unit of social organization.

Nuclear Family

A family consisting of a married man and woman and their biological children.

Extended Family

A family whose members go beyond the nuclear family, including parents and their offspring.

Blended Family

A type of family where parents have children from previous marital relationships who form a new family unit.

Kinship By Politics

Power is distributed among family members, commonly found in tribal societies.

Political Dynasty

Political families that have long been present in the Philippines' political structure.

Social Group

A unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles and statuses existing between and among themselves.

Social Organization

Refers to a type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific aims or goals, characterized by formal structure of rules, authority relations, a division of labor

Social Aggregates

Cluster of people in close physical proximity who do not interact.

Collectivity

Cluster of people interacting with one another in a passing or short-lived manner.

Social Categories

A collection of people who are classified or categorized in accordance with some status characteristics like sex, race, age, religion, occupation or profession, political affiliation, income, social class, and ethnicity

Primary Group

A long-lasting group whose members have intimate, personal, continuous face-to-face relationships.

Secondary Group

Any large group of people who share a purpose and work toward a common interest or goal.

In-Group

A social group of which an individual psychologically identifies himself or herself as a member.

Out-Group

A group toward which one has a feeling of indifference, strangeness, avoidance, dislike and even hatred.

Reference Group

A group to which we compare ourselves, used as a standard of comparison regardless of whether we are part of the group.

Institution

Refer to a structured domain of norms, rules, and practices that gives a sense of order to a specific set of relationship.

Organization

Refers to a formally constituted entity, composed of individuals performing a set of functions for the achievement of a certain mandate, obligation, or task.

Executive Branch

The office of the President and the departments under the office of the President

Legislative Branch

The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines which consists of the Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives

Judiciary Branch

The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law.

Non-State Organizations

Non-state actors are organized political actors not directly connected to any established institutions or the state but pursuing aims that affect vital state interests.

Banks

A financial institution that lends money both to public as well as private organizations.

Savings Banks

A type of bank that receives savings accounts and pays interest to depositors.

Exchange Banks

They provide services for the buying and selling of gold and silver: transactions will be in foreign currencies

Corporation

Refers to a broad category of non-state organization representing a company or group of people that engages in lawful activity in relation to public function such as provision of a goods or service to the larger society.

Cooperative

Refers to an autonomous association whose membership is voluntary toward the attainment of common economic, social and cultural needs or aspiration.

Trade or Labor Union

Venues by which worker's grievances are brought to employers and where labor rights are defended.

Academic and Science-Based Organizations

This include universities, schools, and collages; private polling firms which use statistical methods in conducting opinion polls to guide advocacy and decision making.

Religious Organizations

civil society organizations

People's Organizations

POs are grassroots-based organizations composed of people who are really in the community and are directly involved. They become effective venues for advocacy and vehicles for the implementation of programs and projects.

Non - Governmental Organizations

NGO's are third-party mediating organizations that facilitate action. Most of them are involved in advocacy, but some are also involved in environmental policy information and analysis.

Authority

The power to make binding decisions and issue commands.

Legitimacy

A moral and ethical concept that bestows on one who possesses power the right to exercise such power since such is perceived to be justified and proper.

Traditional authority

Whose legitimacy is derived from well- established customs, habits, and social structures.

Charismatic Authority

Whose legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the individual.

Rational-legal or bureaucratic authority

Which draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state through its fundamental and implementing laws.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

it refers to a network of commercial organizations that determine how goods and services are produced, generated, distributed, and purchased

Transfer

entails a redistribution of income that is not matched by actual exchange of goods and services.

Redistribution

combination of the features of transfer and reciprocity.

Market system

is a type of economic system that allows the free flow of goods between and among private individuals and firms with very limited participation from the government.

Invisible hand

Integrates both the idea of self-interest and competition in the marketplace, which brings about a socially optimum result even in the absence of government intervention.

Market

is a mechanism and not necessarily a place which brings buyers and sellers together for a desired transaction.

Prices

serves as signaling device to indicate the value of good or service to both the buyers and the sellers and guide their actions.

Specialization

another requirement for a market economy, critical to a market economy is the ability to produce goods more efficiently with specialization.

Barter

is difficult to carry out because the presence of ‘mutual coincidence of wants’ or transacting parties finding and having each other’s desires, is hard to come by.

Market transaction

involves parties who sell their goods and services in exchange for cash from consumers.

Free market economy

is one where the price of a good or service is determined by the forces of supply and demand.

Command economy

The term command economy is interchanged with a socialist economy because under both system, the means of producing and distributing goods and services are done

Wealth

large amount of money, possessions, or properties

Power

the ability to direct someone else’s behavior

Prestige

honor, awe, or high opinion inspired by or derived from a high -ranking, influential, or successful person

SOCIAL MOBILITY

refers to the movement of persons or social groups between or among the social strata in a stratification system

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

sociological term used to describe the relative social position of individuals in a given social unit

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

is any given society’s classification of its people into rankings of socioeconomic layers based on factors such as wealth, income, occupation, power, social status, and social class

SOCIAL STATUS

a person’s prestige, social honor, or popularity in a society

SOCIAL STATUS

an individual’s ranking, position, or standing in a hierarchy in which people are classified on the basis of esteem, prestige, economic success, and accumulation of wealth

SOCIAL CLASS

an individual’s economic position in a society, based on birth and personal achievements

SOCIAL CLASS

a category of similarly ranked persons located in a hierarchy and distinguished from other categories in the hierarchy by factors such as occupation, income, wealth, education, pension levels, social status, and socio-economic safety net

SOCIAL DESIRABLES

society’s stratification system is based on social desirables

PRESTIGE

implies respect associated with high quality, high reputation, notability, and distinction

OPEN (CLASS) SYSTEM

those that permit mobility between or among strata

CLOSED (CASTE) SYSTEM

systems in which there is a very slight or no mobility at all, even on an intergenerational basis

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

occurs when resources in a certain society are allocated unevenly along lines of socially defined classifications of individuals

GLOBAL INEQUALITY

inequality between or among countries which is largely determined by economic differences

AGEISM

the unjust treatment of persons as regards allocation of resources or privileges, or in terms of recruitment, pay, and promotions because of their age

PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

persons with physical, sensory, or mental impairments that can make performing an everyday task more difficult

ETHNIC MINORITIES

racial or ethnic inequality is an outcome of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic groupings within a society

OTHER MINORITIES

a sociological minority is not necessarily a statistical minority – it may include any group that is less privileged or subnormal in relation to a dominant group in terms of wealth, power, social status, education, or employment

GENDER INEQUALITY

sexism or gender-based and sex-based bias and discrimination is a major contributing factor to social inequality

Education

the imparting or acquiring of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, practices, and behaviors

FORMAL EDUCATION

It comprises an institution (school) and trained teachers that will facilitate the learning process

ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM (ALS)

Also known as the Governance Act for Basic Education, establishes the Alternative Learning System (ALS) to provide out- of-school children, youth and adults population with basic education.

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (TESDA)

was created to promote non- degree technical programs

FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

Giving training in specific skills or the basic general education literacy

Education

system of formal teaching and learning as conducted through academic institutions

Lifestyle

a person’s way of life

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

refer to all health-related matters external to the human body and over which the person has little or no control

BIOMEDICAL FACTORS

refer to all aspects of physical and mental health developed within the human body basically as influenced by the individual’s genetic make-up

BUYAG/USOG

affliction or ailments attributed to a greeting by a stranger or a ‘curse’

AMOK

an episode of sudden mass assault against people or objects usually by a single individual following a period of brooding that has traditionally been regarded as occurring especially in Malay culture

BUGHAT/BINAT

refers to the term binat in Tagalog

Systems Of Diagnosis

uncovering and ascertaining of the nature of disease

Systems Of HEALING

the process of curing somebody who is sick