HORT1001 EXAM 1

Chapters 1-6

Agriculture

It is the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

Agronomy

It is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and land restoration on an extensive scale. The value per acre is lower than for s typical horticultural crop.

Asexual propagation

It is a form of propagation that results in plants with identical genetics to the parent plant.

Bract

It is a modified leaf or scale, usually small, with a flower or flower cluster in its axil. Attached to the terminal node, which is part of the inflorescence rather than the stem. It may also be found at the base of each pedicel.

Bulbs

It is a specialized, underground organ with a short, fleshy stem axis (basal plate) enclosed by thick, fleshy scales modified for storage.

Control (in an experiment)

It is used to verify or regulate a scientific experiment by conducting a parallel experiment or by comparing with another standard.

Demonstration experiments

They are a very valuable method for actively learning the body of scientific knowledge that has been previously discovered and communicated by others; and it is specifically orchestrated for teaching and learning, not for the discovery of new information about the world around us.

Discovery experiments

They focus on uncovering new relationships and solving problems, follow scientific method, test hypotheses and their predicted outcomes, and utilize a careful design in order to maintain meaningfulness and credibility.

Evaluation experiments

They are typically used during the development of new technologies to identify the best products for the desired purpose (eg. which pesticides are effective against the target insect, but not harmful to non-target insects), but are not used to discover new knowledge about how the world works so they typically don't advance our understanding of the natural world. They are used to pick a winner from among a number of options.

Experimental design

It is the process of planning an experiment to test a hypothesis.

Experimental unit

it is the entity to which a specific treatment combination is applied.

Exploration experiments

They focus on detailed observation of organisms and habitats, increase our information about the natural world, identify potential relationships that need to be tested, and are essential to sound and testable hypothesis-building.

Floriculture

It is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the production and marketing of plants valued for their flowers.

Forestry

It is the science or practice of propagating, planting, managing, and caring for forests, which includes harvesting.

Fruit

It is a ripened ovary together with the seeds within the ovary.

Geophytes

The new growth begins underground and the function of the underground growth is storage of food, nutrients, and water during adverse environmental conditions.

Horticulture

It is the art and science of the development, sustainable production, marketing, and use of high-value, intensively cultivated food and ornamental plants.

Hypothesis

It is the scientific means of forming a question or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for experimentation. In science, it is a testable statement.

Inflorescence

It is the complete flower structure of a plant and includes the flower, pedicle, rachis, and peduncle.

Internode

It is the stem regions between nodes in plants.

Leaf

It is a usually green, flattened, lateral structure attached to a stem and functioning as a principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in most plants.

Leaf blade

It is the broad portion of a leaf and does not include the petiole.

Monocotyledon

It is a seed plant that produces an embryo with a single cotyledon and parallel-veined leaves; includes grasses, lilies, palms, and orchids.

Node

It is the stem region of a plant where one or more leaves attach and is the location of lateral buds.

Olericulture

It is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the production and marketing of plants or plant parts valued for culinary use as vegetables.

Pedicel

It is the short stalk that holds up the flower.

Peduncle

It is the large, central stalk that attaches the rachi to the stem of the plant.

Petiole

It is the stalk by which most leaves are attached to a stem; it is part of the leaf structure, not the stem.

Pomology

production and marketing of plants or plant parts valued for their culinary use as fruits including nuts); propagated by cuttings, grafting (asexual propagation)

Randomization

It is the act of randomly assigning treatments to experimental units using a random number table or computer-generated randomization to help minimize any bias that has not been recognized in advance and controlled for in other ways.

Replication

It is when the same treatment is applied to more than one experimental unit.

Rhizome

It is a horizontal stem growing just below the soil surface.

Science

It is the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.

Scientific discovery

It is the process of scientific inquiry; it builds on what is known by testing hypotheses.

Sessile

It is when a leaf lacks a petiole; called a sessile leaf.

Sexual propagation

It is a form of propagation that results in plants with genetics that differ from the parent plants, also called seed propagation.

Treatments

It is the administration or application of agents to a plant to prevent disease or facilitate growth.

Tuber

It is a swollen, underground, modified stems that store food.

Binomial nomenclature

It is the system of naming in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the Genus and the second the Specific Epithet.

Class

It is the taxonomic rank below Division and above Order.

Cotyledonary node

It is a food storage structure used in germination.

Dicotyledon

It is a seed plant that produces an embryo with paired cotyledons, floral organs arranged in cycles of four or five, and leaves with net-like veins.

Division

It is the highest taxonomic category, consisting of one or more related classes, and corresponding approximately to a Phylum in zoological classification.

Emergence

It is germination, when the embryo becomes active and the radicle grows through the seed coat.

Epicotyl

It is the portion of the stem of a seedling or embryo located between the cotyledons and the first true leaves.

Epigeal

It is the type of seedling emergence where cell division in the hypocotyl is initially more active and rapid than cell division in the epicotyl. Cotyledons are brought above the soil surface as the hypocotyl expands.

Family

The taxonomic rank below Order and above Genus.

Genotype

It is the genetic composition of an organism.

Genus

A group of species possessing fundamental traits in common but differing in other lesser characteristics. The taxonomic rank below Family and above Specific Epithet.

Hierarchy

It is a system of grouping where each classification is a subset of a superior grouping, and may contain subordinate categories.

Hypocotyl

It is the embryonic shoot below the cotyledons.

Hypogeal

It is the type of seedling emergence where the cotyledons remain below the surface of the ground.

Nomenclature

It is a formal system of names attached to the taxonomic groupings.

Order

It is the taxonomic rank below Class and above Family.

Phenotype

It is the physical appearance of an organism.

Phylum

It is the taxonomic rank below Kingdom and above Class, used in zoological classification.

Radicle

It is the embryonic root that breaks through the seed coat during germination and develops into the seedling's root system.

Seed

It is a ripened ovule containing a seed covering, food storage, and an embryo.

Seed coat

It is the outer layer of the seed.

Seed germination

It is the activation of metabolic pathways of the embryo leading to the emergence of a new seedling.

Specific epithet

It is the uncapitalized Latin adjective or noun that follows a capitalized Genus name in binomial nomenclature and serves to distinguish a species from others in the same genus, as saccharum in Acer saccharum (sugar maple).

Taxonomy

It is the science of classifying organisms.

Adventitious

It is a tissue arising from an organ other than expected.

Adventitious roots

They are roots that emerge from the stem rather than roots.

Alternate

It is where the leaves are attached on alternate sides as they go up the stem.

Apex

It is the tip of the stem.

Apical bud

It is the bud located on the tip of the stem.

Apical meristem

It is a group of more or less continually dividing cells located at the tip of a shoot or root.

Axil

It is the upper angle between a lateral structure and the stem to which it is attached.

Axillary bud

It is a bud borne in the axil of a stem.

Axillary meristems

It is a group of more or less continually dividing cells located at the axils of a stem.

Basal root

It is the root that emerges from the region just above where the main stem stops and the root begins.

Branch

It is a vegetative growth coming from a node on the main stem.

Bud

It is an immature vegetative or floral shoot or both, often covered by scales; also called a meristem.

Chlorophyll

It is a green photosynthetic pigment found in plants, algea, and cyanobacteria that captures light for photosysnthesis.

Compound leaf

It is a leaf with a blade margin that is completely interrupted and segmented into separate leaflets.

Fibrous root

It is a root system where the radicle grows and then rapidly slows or completely halts in growth. Once this happens roots will emerge above the radicle and from the stem tissue located below the soil.

Hypocotyl roots

They are the roots that emerge above the basal roots.

Lamina

It is another name for a leaf blade.

Lateral or secondary roots

They are roots that extend horizontally from the primary root and serve to anchor the plant securely into the soil. This branching of roots also contributes to water uptake, and facilitates the extraction of nutrients required for the growth and development of the plant.

Leaf

It is a usually green, flattened, lateral structure attached to a stem and functioning as a principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in most plants.

Leaf axil

It is the upper angle between a leaf petiole and the stem to which it is attached.

Leaf blade

It is the broad portion of a leaf and does not include the petiole.

Leaf margin

It is the edge of the leaf blade.

Leaf primordia

They are young leaves, recently formed by the shoot apical meristem, located at the tip of a shoot.

Leaf scar

It is a mark indicating the former place of attachment of petiole or leaf base.

Leaf sheath

It is the structure where the blade attaches to an envelope of leaf tissue that wraps around the shoot of the plant and attaches to a lower node on the stem.

Leaflet

It is the small leaf-like structure that is found on compound leaves. Multiple leaflets make-up a single compound leaf.

Lenticel

It is a small opening in the cork of woody stems that allows for gas exchange.

Meristem

It is a group of continuously dividing cells; also called a bud.

Midrib

It is the main vein, generally in the center of the leaf from which secondary veins emerge.

Node

It is the stem region of a plant where one or more leaves attach and is the location of lateral buds.

Opposite leaves

It is where the leaves grow directly opposite each other on the stem.

Palmate venation

It is where several veins radiate from the point where the petiole attaches to the blade. The veins fork, then travel a bit, then fork again, travel, fork and so on until the veins reach the margin of the leaf.

Palmately compound leaf

It is a compound leaf where the petiolules of the leaflets connect directly to the petiole (no rachis).

Parallel venation

It is the distribution or arrangement of a system of veins in a leaf blade in a non-intersecting network. The veins are parallel to each other and the long edge of the leaf.

Petiole

It is the stalk by which most leaves are attached to a stem; it is part of the leaf structure, not the stem.

Petiolule

It is the stalk that connects the leaflet to the top of the petiole.

Pinnate venation

It is a type of webbed venation where there is a strong midrib and the secondary veins fan out opposite of each other.

Pinnately compound leaf

It is a compound leaf where the leaflets are arranged opposite of one another on the rachis.