Endocrine System PT 1

Excess secretion of epinephrine:

elevates blood glucose levels.

Oxytocin:

a neurohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the uterine muscle to contract, thereby assisting in labor.

T₃ and T₄:

regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR).

Which of the following posterior pituitary hormones causes the kidney to decrease its excretion of urine?

ADH

The “melting of flesh into urine,” an old-timey name, is most descriptive of untreated:

diabetes mellitus.

Virilization is characterized by:

excess facial hair.

Ketoacidosis is most related to:

excess fatty acid catabolism.

PTH activates vitamin D, which aids in the absorption of:

calcium.

Which of the following is the most important effect of somatotropic hormone?

Growth of the musculoskeletal system

Which of the following is concerned with “sugar, salt, and sex”?

Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen

Which of the following is characterized by excess urine production resulting in low blood volume?

Diabetes insipidus

“Sugar, salt, and sex” is descriptive of

cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.

Which of the following is most responsive to treatment with thyroxine?

Myxedema

Hypocalcemic tetany:

develops in response to a deficiency of parathyroid activity.

Glucocorticoids:

convert amino acids into glucose, burn protein and fat as fuel to increase energy production, and enable other hormones to perform normally (all id applicable)

Aldosterone:

is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.

Which gland is associated with “sugar, salt, and sex”?

Adrenal cortex

The hypersecretion of which hormone is least likely to cause hyperglycemia?

: Insulin

This hormone stimulates osteoclastic activity, causing bone resorption.

PTH

Insulin:

stimulates the formation of glycogen, increases the transport of glucose into a cell, stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats (all is applicable)

Glucagon:

is secreted in response to a decrease in blood glucose.

The beta cells of the islets of Langerhans:

are insulin-secreting pancreatic cells.

Which group is incorrect?

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, oxytocin

Why is the posterior pituitary gland called the neurohypophysis?

The posterior pituitary gland is an extension of the hypothalamus.

Hypocalcemic tetany:

may be caused by a deficiency of PTH.

The bones, kidneys, and intestine are target organs of this calcium-regulator hormone.

PTH

Hyperglycemia:

causes glucosuria and polyuria

A deficiency of insulin causes:

hyperglycemia.

What is the most likely effect of a deficiency of aldosterone?

Low blood volume and hypotension

Identify the glands associated with these hormones: gonadotropins, aldosterone, and epinephrine.

Anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

Cushing syndrome:

may be caused by steroid (prednisone) therapy.

The secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland suppresses further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. What is this interaction called?

Negative feedback control

Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone:

are secreted by the gonads.

An excess of thyroid hormones produces hyperthyroidism, a speeded-up metabolic state that is known as:

Graves’ disease.

Epinephrine (adrenaline) increases blood glucose by:

stimulating the hepatic conversion of glycogen into glucose.

Glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine:

raise blood glucose levels.

Excessive eating despite plenty of glucose in the blood is called:

polyphagia.

The secretion of this gland enhances a sympathetic response.

Adrenal medulla

Iodine is:

necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Which of the following hormones exerts negative feedback control on the secretion of ACTH?

Cortisol

The adrenal medulla:

is associated with the fight-or-flight response.

Which of the following is most descriptive of cAMP?

Second chemical messenger

Catecholamines:

include epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine.

Cretinism, myxedema, and Graves’ disease are all:

disorders of thyroid gland function.

A hormone that suppresses gluconeogenesis:

prevents hyperglycemia.

Insulin and glucagon:

are secreted by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose.

Which of the following suppress(es) the secretion of ACTH?

Elevated plasma cortisol levels

A patient has been receiving a large dose of prednisone for the relief of arthritic pain for 6 months. He suddenly stops taking his medication. What is the most serious concern?

He will develop an acute adrenal insufficiency.

Which of the following is descriptive of the adrenal cortex?

It is the target gland of ACTH

The neurohypophysis:

is the posterior pituitary gland.