chap 22,24,26 vocab

Wabash, St Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

individual states have no power to regulate interstate commerce

Interstate Commerce Act

prohibited rebates and pools + required RR to publish rates publicly; forbade unfair discrimination against shippers + outlawed charging more for short haul than long haul on same line

vertical integration

combining all phases of manufacturing (steel) into one company

horizontal integration

allying with competitors to monopolize a market

trust

a group of companies turns over their stock to a board of trustees, who then manage the companies as a single entity

Standard Oil Company

Rockefeller’s company that was a trust, formed in 1870

interlocking directorates

officers of Rockefeller’s banking syndicate that he placed on various boards of directors of rival companies

Bessemer Process

method of making cheap steel

Social Darwinists

argued that individuals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents (the rich are just naturally better)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

forbade combinations in restraint of trade (no more trusts)

National Labor Union

one of the earliest nation-scale unions in AM; unified workers across different trades to challenge their bosses; organized in 1866; fell off bcuz of econ depression

Knights of Labor

came after the National Labor Union fell off; started as a secret society; wanted to include all workers in one big union; “an injury to one is the concern of all”; brought the 8-hr workday

Haymarket Square

rally organized by labor radicals; turned deadly when someone threw a dynamite bomb

American Federation of Labor

association of self-governing national unions

closed shop

all-union labor

Cornelius Vanderbilt

titan of railroading; popularized steel rail for RR; founded Vanderbilt Uni

Alexander Graham Bell

made the telephone

Thomas Alva Edison

made the electric light bulb; also made the phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, moving picture

Andrew Carnagie

steel king; made tactic of vertical integration

John D. Rockefeller

oil baron; started trusts; “Let us prey”

Mary Harris “Mother” Jones

organizer for the Knights of Labor in Illionois coalfields

Terence V. Powderly

Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor; was a RR track guard, later became a lawyer; denounced the “multimillion aires for laying the foundation for their colassal fortunes on the bodies and souls of living men”

Samuel Gompers

founder/Pres of the American Federation of Labor; Jewish; didn’t like socialism, wanted fairer share for labor; major goal of authorizing closed shop; did lots of walkouts and boycotts

New Immigrants

immigrants from south/east Europe: Italians, Jews, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles

political machines

unofficial “governments” of the urban cities

settlement house

organizations that provided support services to the urban poor and European immigrants

liberal Protestants

adapted religious ideas to modern culture, attempting to reconcile Christianity with new scientific + economic doctrines

Tuskegee Institute

where George W. Carver taught; trained young black ppl in agriculture/trade

land-grant colleges

most provided certain services; established bcuz the govt gave the states grants of public lands; later became state universities

pragmatism

the truth of an idea was to be tested by its practical consequences

yellow journalism

style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts; popularized by Joseph Pulitzer’s newspaper

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

founded by ppl like Elizabeth Stanton, Susan B Anthony, self explanatory

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

led by Carrie Nation, temperance movement, etc.; had the symbol of white ribboon 4 purity

realism

in literature, subjects were put in coarse human comedy and material drama of the world around them (no more romanticism); many middle/upper class characters in everyday settings

naturalism

in literature, applied detached scientific objectivity to the study of human beings; placed lower-class characters in extreme/sordid environments

regionalism

wanted to chronicle the peculiarities of local ways of life before coming of industrial standardization

City Beautiful movement

wanted AM cities to be beautiful and convey sense of harmony, order, monumentality; copied European stylesW

World’s Columbian Exposition

convention celebrating Columbus’ 400yr anniversary of discovering AM; held in Chicago

Jane Addams

founded Hull House, most prominent settlement house; grew up very rich, well educated

Charles Darwin

evolutionary naturalist; natural selection theory; disrupted the churches

Booker T Washington

ex-slave; taught at Tuskegee Institute, had a self-help approach to defeating racism

WEB DuBois

called Booker T. an Uncle Tom; first black man to earn PhD at Harvard; helped found NAACP

Joseph Pulitzer

journalism tycoon; leader in sensationalism; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, NY World

William Randolph Hearst

competitor to Pulitzer; built chain of newspapers bcuz of daddy’s money; made the San Fran. Examiner

John Dewey

philospher, one of the leaders of pragmatism; founded Laboratory School at the University of Chicago

Carrie Chapman Catt

leader of the battle for suffrage; stressed desirability of letting women vote (republican motherhood, etc)

Horatio Alger

writer of ya fiction; wrote rags to richess

Mark Twain

Henry James

women were his MC’s; realist

Winslow Homer

artist who drew ocean shit

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

sculptor, Civil War art

Frederick Law Olmsted

architect; foster virtue and egalitarian values

Karl May

wrote romanticized tales of

characters like the noble Apache, Winnetou, and his

stalwart white blood brother, Old Shatterhand