Fish Diseases & Management in Ornamental Farming

Vocabulary flashcards generated from lecture notes covering causative agents, defense mechanisms, disease symptoms, treatments, and management in ornamental fish farming.

Fish Disease Factors

The complex interaction between three main factors: host, environment, and pathogen.

Level 1 Defensive Mechanism

The external physical barrier of a fish consisting of skin, scales, and mucous membrane that limits the entry of pathogens into the body.

Level 2 Defensive Mechanism

Physiological activities of the body, including white blood cells engulfing pathogens, liver detoxification of chemicals, and local tissue reactions.

Level 3 Defensive Mechanism

The immune system of a fish that produces antibodies against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

Sun Burn Disease

A condition caused by UV radiation from bright sunlight burning the dorsal side of the fish.

Brown Blood Disease

A condition resulting from nitrite toxicity where methemoglobin is present in the blood.

KMnO4 Preparation Dosage

Potassium permanganate preparation mixed with water at a concentration of $2.5\text{ ppm}$.

Calcium Hypochlorite Preparation Dosage

Calcium hypochlorite preparation mixed with water at a concentration of $0.1\text{ ppm}$.

Triclorafan (Neguvon) Dosage

A chemical parasite treatment mixed with water at a concentration of $0.75-1\text{ ppm}$.

Methylene Blue Dosage

A chemical treatment mixed with water at a concentration of $2\text{ ppm}$.

Triple Solution

A chemical preparation composed of $1\text{ L}$ Formalin (40%), $4\text{ g}$ Malachite Green, and $12\text{ g}$ Methylene Blue, applied at $30-40\text{ ppm}$.

Double Solution

A chemical preparation composed of $1\text{ L}$ Formalin (40%) and $4\text{ g}$ Malachite Green, applied at $30-40\text{ ppm}$.

Lymphocystis Disease Virus (LCDV)

A member of the family Iridoviridae affecting evolutionarily-advanced orders of bony fishes, causing unsightly cream-colored to pink or gray macroscopic cauliflower-like nodules on the body surface and internal organs.

Viral Nerves Necrosis (VNN)

A viral condition caused by Betanodavirus or Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) in the family Nodaviridae affecting larvae and juveniles, characterized by swim bladder hyperinflation, brain/spinal cord/retina vacuolation and necrosis, and abnormal or spinning swimming.

Koi Herpes Virus (KHV)

A strain of herpesvirus in the family Herpesviridae that causes loss of color, pale skin patches, red and white gill patches, gill necrosis, bleeding gills, sunken eyes, a notch over the nose, and mass mortality.

Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV)

A Rhabdovirus within the genus Novirhabdovirus causing rapid high mortality, popped-out eyes, pale gills, swollen abdomen, skin ulcerations, and hemorrhages in fatty tissue, intestines, gonads, liver, and swim bladder.

Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV)

A negative-sense single-stranded, bullet-shaped RNA virus of the family Rhabdoviridae and genus Novirhabdovirus, causing bulging eyes, abdominal enlargement, skin darkening, fading gills, and hemorrhaging near the mouth, fins, and yolk sac.

Aeromonas hydrophila

A heterotrophic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium resistant to cold and common antibiotics (oxidase and indole positive) that causes bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia, ulcers, tail/fin rot, scale shedding, and abdominal swelling.

Aeromonas salmonicida

A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacterium ($1.3-2.0\text{ }\times\text{ }0.8-1.3\text{ }\frac{1}{1000}\text{mm}$) that grows optimally at $22-25^\text{o}\text{C}$ and causes furunculosis and ulcerative disease.

Edwardsiella tarda

A Gram-negative, short, rod-shaped ($2-3\text{ }\frac{1}{1000}\text{mm}$ length by $1\text{ }\frac{1}{1000}\text{mm}$ diameter) facultative anaerobic bacterium causing Edwardsiella septicemia, characterized by small cutaneous ulcerations and deep muscle abscesses.

Flexibacter columnaris

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium (Flavobacterium columnare) causing columnaris or saddlepatch disease, characterized by white or cloudy fungus-like patches and necrotic gill lesions, being most virulent at $85-90^\text{o}\text{F}$.

Bacterial Gill Disease (BGD)

A disease most commonly caused by filamentous bacteria within the genus Flavobacterium (Branchiophila), causing surface gasping, loss of appetite, increased mucous secretion, and white to gray spots on gills.

Mycobacteriosis

A chronic or acute, systemic, granulomatous disease in aquarium and culture food fish caused by aerobic, Gram-positive pleomorphic rods such as Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, and M. chelonei.

Fin and Tail Rot

A disease resulting from bacterial infection (such as Pseudomonas fluorescens causing ragged fin rotting) or fungal infection (causing even rot with a white edge), turning fin edges black/brown and causing fraying.

Saprolegniasis

Also known as cotton wool disease, an infection caused by fungi of the Saprolegnia complex, producing focal grey-white cotton wool-like patches on the skin.

Branchiomycosis

An acute gill rot infection caused by Branchiomyces sanguinis or B. denigrans, leading to high mortality, respiratory distress, weakened movement, and red damaged gill tissue.

Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS)

An ulcerative disease caused by the water mould Aphanomyces invadans or A. piscicida, which produces red spots that progress into necrotic ulcers and internal granulomas.

Oodinium

Also known as velvet, gold dust, or rust disease, an external parasite infection causing rapid respiration, surface flashing/rubbing, and gray dust-like velvet patches on skin.

Trichodina

A microscopic parasite found on gills, skin, or fins that uses fish for transport and shelter (does not feed on the fish itself), feeding on surface bacteria and multiplying rapidly by binary fission.

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

The causative parasite agent of Ich (Ick) or White Spot Disease, characterized by distinct white spots on the body and gills.

Dactylogyrus

An oviparous monogenean ectoparasite commonly known as gill flukes that attaches to host gills via an opishaptor and feeds on mucus and skin debris.

Gyrodactylus

A small, leech-like monogenean ectoparasite commonly known as skin flukes that causes fish to show swinging movements, hang near the surface, and scratch against objects.

Lernaea

A genus of parasitic copepod crustaceans commonly called anchor worms; after mating in the copepodid stage, adult females burrow into fish flesh.

Argulus

A branchiuran external parasite commonly known as fish lice, characterized by a dorsoventrally flattened oval/rounded body, wide carapace, two compound eyes, and a single-host direct life cycle.

Miracidium

A short-lived, ciliated, non-feeding larval stage of digenean trematodes that hatches from eggs and penetrates a mollusc as its first intermediate host.

Metacercaria

The encysted larval stage of digenean trematodes formed inside the second intermediate host before evolving into an adult inside the final host.