Chapter 20
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Suppose that the USA can make 15,000,000 cars or 20,000,000 bottles of wine with one year's worth of labor. France can make 10,000,000 cars or 18,000,000 bottles of wine with one year's worth of labor. From these numbers, we can conclude:
A. The USA has a comparative advantage in the production of wine.
B. France has a comparative advantage in the production of cars.
C. The USA has an absolute advantage in the production of cars.
D. France has an absolute advantage in the production of wine.
C. The USA has an absolute advantage in the production of cars.
Say that Alland can produce 32 units of food per person per year or 16 units of clothing per person per year, but Georgeland can produce 24 units of food per year or 12 units of clothing. Which of the following is true?
A. Alland has an absolute advantage in producing food but will not trade with Georgeland.
B. Alland has a comparative advantage, but not an absolute advantage, in producing food.
C. Georgeland has both a comparative and absolute advantage in producing clothing.
D. Georgeland has a comparative advantage, but not an absolute advantage, in producing clothing.
A. Alland has an absolute advantage in producing food but will not trade with Georgeland.
The idea behind comparative advantage reflects the possibility that one party:
A. may be able to produce everything relatively more efficiently than another party.
B. may be able to produce something at a lower dollar cost than another party.
C. with an absolute advantage in producing two different may export goods both of those goods to the other party.
D. may be able to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than another party.
D. may be able to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than another party.
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. If the terms of trade are established as 1 apple for 4 oranges, then:
A. there are no incentives for Beta to engage in international specialization and trade with Alpha.
B. it is in the interest of Beta to grow oranges and trade for apples.
C. it is in the interest of both countries to specialize and trade with one another.
D. there are no incentives for Alpha or Beta to specialize and trade with one another.
A. there are no incentives for Beta to engage in international specialization and trade with Alpha.
Colombia produces coffee with less labor and land than any other country therefore necessarily has:
A. a comparative advantage in coffee production.
B. both a comparative and absolute advantage in coffee production.
C. an absolute advantage and comparative disadvantage in coffee production.
D. an absolute advantage in coffee production
D. an absolute advantage in coffee production
International trade currently involves about ___ worth of goods and services thundering around the globe.
A. $200 trillion
B. $20 trillion
C. $2 trillion
D. $200 billion
B. $20 trillion
Suppose that Canada can produce 100,000 hockey sticks or 10,000 gallons of maple syrup in a typical workweek, while Germany can produce 90,000 hockey sticks or 10,000 gallons of maple syrup in a typical workweek. From these numbers, we can conclude:
A. Canada has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.
B. Germany has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.
C. Canada has an absolute advantage in the production of maple syrup.
D. Germany has an absolute advantage in the production of maple syrup.
A. Canada has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. Which of the following terms of trade between apples and oranges would allow both Alpha and Beta to gain by specialization and exchange?
A. 1 orange for 0.2 apples
B. 2 apples for 3 oranges
C. 3 apples for 3 oranges
D. 1 apple for 3 oranges
D. 1 apple for 3 oranges
Alternate Outputs from One Day's Labor Input:
USA: 12 bushels of wheat or 3 yards of textiles. India: 3 bushels of wheat or 12 yards of textiles.
From the data, the USA:
A. has an absolute advantage over India in the production of textiles.
B. has an absolute advantage over India in the production of wheat.
C. has a comparative advantage in the production of textiles.
D. should export textiles to India.
B. has an absolute advantage over India in the production of wheat.
According to international trade theory, a country should:
A. import goods in which it has an absolute advantage.
B. import goods in which it has a comparative disadvantage.
C. export goods in which it has an absolute advantage.
D. import goods in which it has an absolute disadvantage.
B. import goods in which it has a comparative disadvantage.
As measured in 2008, about of U.S. trade and of European trade is intra-industry trade.
A. 10%; 10%
B. 30%; 30%
C. 60%; 60%
D. 90%; 90%
60%; 60%
Which of the following is true?
A. A nation can have a comparative advantage in the production of a good only if it also has an absolute advantage.
B. A nation can have a comparative advantage in the production of every good, but not an absolute advantage.
C. A nation cannot have an absolute advantage in the production of every good.
D. A nation cannot have a comparative advantage in the production of every good.
D. A nation cannot have a comparative advantage in the production of every good.
If a nation has a comparative disadvantage in the production of some commodity:
A. it cannot gain from international trade unless it has an absolute advantage in every other commodity.
B. it cannot gain from international trade in the commodity.
C. it can still gain from international trade in that commodity, by getting it at a lower opportunity cost than if it produced it domestically.
D. it can gain from international trade in that commodity only if it has an absolute advantage in that commodity.
C. it can still gain from international trade in that commodity, by getting it at a lower opportunity cost than if it produced it domestically.
Say that Alland can produce 32 units of food per person per year or 16 units of clothing per person per year, but Georgeland can produce 16 units of food per year or 8 units of clothing. Which of the following is true?
A. Alland has an absolute advantage in producing food and clothing.
B. Georgeland has both a comparative and absolute advantage in producing clothing.
C. Alland has a comparative advantage, but not an absolute advantage, in producing food.
D. Alland has an absolute advantage and comparative advantage in producing food.
A. Alland has an absolute advantage in producing food and clothing.
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Alpha should export to Beta, but Beta should not export to Alpha.
B. Since Alpha has an absolute advantage in both goods, no mutual gains from trade are possible.
C. If Alpha specializes in growing oranges and Beta specializes in growing apples, they could both gain by specialization and trade.
D. If Alpha specializes in growing apples and Beta specializes in growing oranges, they could both gain by specialization and trade.
D. If Alpha specializes in growing apples and Beta specializes in growing oranges, they could both gain by specialization and trade.
When one nation can produce a product at lower cost relative to another nation, it is said to have a(n)in producing that product.
A. relative advantage
B. absolute advantage
C. economy of scale
D. production efficiency
B. absolute advantage
Intra-industry trade between similar trading partners allows the gains from __ that arise when firms and workers specialize in the production of a certain product.
A. comparative advantage
B. learning and innovation
C. creating the value chain
D. relative advantage
B. learning and innovation
Alternate Outputs from One Day's Labor Input:
USA: 12 bushels of wheat or 3 yards of textiles. India: 3 bushels of wheat or 12 yards of textiles.
The opportunity cost of one bushel of wheat in India is:
A. 1 yard of textiles.
B. 3 yards of textiles.
C. 4 yards of textiles.
D. 12 yards of textiles.
C. 4 yards of textiles.
The underlying reason why trade benefits both sides of a trading arrangement is rooted in the concept of .
A. opportunity cost
B. specialization
C. absolute advantage
D. maximum production
A. opportunity cost
The theory of comparative advantage shows that the gains from international trade do not just result from the absolute advantage of producing at lower cost, but also from pursuing comparative advantage and producing at a lower _.
A. opportunity cost
B. absolute cost
C. relative cost
D. comparative cost
A. opportunity cost
The idea behind comparative advantage reflects the possibility that one party:
A. may be able to produce everything relatively more efficiently than another party.
B. may be able to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than another party.
C. may be able to produce something at a lower dollar cost than another party.
D. with an absolute advantage in producing two different goods may export both of those goods to the other party.
Say that Alland can produce 32 units of food per person per year or 16 units of clothing per person per year, but Georgeland can produce 16 units of food per year or 8 units of clothing. Which of the following is true?
A. Alland has an absolute advantage in producing food and clothing.
B. Georgeland has both a comparative and absolute advantage in producing clothing.
C. Alland has a comparative advantage, but not an absolute advantage, in producing food.
D. Alland has an absolute advantage and comparative advantage in producing food.
When nations increase production in their area of _____________________ and trade with each other, both sides can benefit.
A. relative advantage
B. absolute advantage
C. comparative advantage
D. opportunity cost
Which of the following is true?
A. A nation can have a comparative advantage in the production of a good only if it also has an absolute advantage.
B. A nation can have a comparative advantage in the production of every good, but not an absolute advantage.
C. A nation cannot have an absolute advantage in the production of every good.
D. A nation cannot have a comparative advantage in the production of every good.
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. Which of the following terms of trade between apples and oranges would allow both Alpha and Beta to gain by specialization and exchange?
A. 1 orange for 0.2 apples
B. 2 apples for 3 oranges
C. 3 apples for 3 oranges
D. 1 apple for 3 oranges
Say that Alland can produce 32 units of food per person per year or 16 units of clothing per person per year, but Georgeland can produce 24 units of food per year or 12 units of clothing. Which of the following is true?
A. Alland has both a comparative and absolute advantage in producing food.
B. Alland has comparative advantage, but not an absolute advantage, in producing food.
C. Georgeland has both a comparative and absolute disadvantage in producing clothing.
D. Georgeland has an absolute disadvantage, but not a comparative disadvantage, in producing clothing.
Colombia produces coffee with less labor and land than any other country; it therefore necessarily has:
A. a comparative advantage in coffee production.
B. both a comparative and absolute advantage in coffee production.
C. an absolute advantage and comparative disadvantage in coffee production.
D. an absolute advantage in coffee production
The theory of comparative advantage shows that the gains from international trade do not just result from the absolute advantage of producing at lower cost, but also from pursuing comparative advantage and producing at a lower ___________________________.
A. opportunity cost
B. absolute cost
C. relative cost
D. comparative cost
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. If the terms of trade are established as 1 apple for 4 oranges, then:
A. there are no incentives for Beta to engage in international specialization and trade with Alpha.
B. it is in the interest of Beta to grow oranges and trade for apples.
C. it is in the interest of both countries to specialize and trade with one another.
D. there are no incentives for Alpha or Beta to specialize and trade with one another.
When one nation can produce a product at lower cost relative to another nation, it is said to have a(n)____________________in producing that product.
A. relative advantage
B. absolute advantage
C. economy of scale
D. production efficiency
B. absolute advantage
Some nations that seek to produce all of their own needs face the problem that:
A. some industries are too small to be efficient if restricted to their domestic markets alone.
B. they can deplete their natural resources as a result.
C. the opportunity cost of producing some of their own goods is lower than that of trading with others for them.
D. they will not be able to satisfy the wants of all of their citizens.
Jethro has a(n) ____________________ in all aspects of camping: he is faster at carrying a backpack, gathering firewood, paddling a canoe, setting up tents, making a meal, and washing up.
A. relative advantage
B. opportunity cost
C. absolute advantage
D. comparative advantage
__________________ identifies the area where a producer's absolute advantage is relatively greatest, or where the producer's absolute disadvantage in productivity is relatively least.
A. relative advantage
B. opportunity cost
C. productivity advantage
D. comparative advantage
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. If the terms of trade are established as 1 apple for 2 oranges, then:
A. there are no incentives for Alpha to specialize and trade with Beta.
B. it is in the interest of both countries to specialize and trade with one another.
C. it is in the interest of Alpha to grow oranges and trade for apples.
D. there are no incentives for Beta to engage in international specialization and trade of apples and oranges.
In India, one person can produce 330 pounds of rice or 110 shirts in one year. In China, one person can produce 400 pounds of rice or 200 shirts in one year. Which of the following statements is true?
A. India has a comparative advantage in the production of rice.
B. China has a comparative advantage in the production of rice.
C. China has both an absolute and comparative advantage in the production of rice.
D. India has an absolute advantage in the production of rice.
The slope of the production possibility frontier is determined by the _________ of expanding production of one good, measured by how much of the other good would be lost.
A. absolute advantage
B. opportunity cost
C. relative advantage
D. specialization
Suppose that Canada can produce 100,000 hockey sticks or 10,000 gallons of maple syrup in a typical workweek, while Germany can produce 90,000 hockey sticks or 10,000 gallons of maple syrup in a typical workweek. From these numbers, we can conclude:
A. Canada has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.
B. Germany has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.
C. Canada has an absolute advantage in the production of maple syrup.
D. Germany has an absolute advantage in the production of maple syrup.
Trade allows each country to take advantage of ______________ in the other country.
A. economies of scale
B. lower opportunity costs
C. specialization
D. worker productivity
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Alpha should export to Beta, but Beta should not export to Alpha.
B. Since Alpha has an absolute advantage in both goods, no mutual gains from trade are possible. C. If Alpha specializes in growing oranges and Beta specializes in growing apples, they could both gain by specialization and trade.
D. If Alpha specializes in growing apples and Beta specializes in growing oranges, they could both gain by specialization and trade.
D. If Alpha specializes in growing apples and Beta specializes in growing oranges, they could both gain by specialization and trade.
The underlying reason why trade benefits both sides of a trading arrangement is rooted in the concept of ____________________________.
A. opportunity cost
B. specialization
C. absolute advantage
D. maximum production
The slope of the production possibility frontier is determined by the _________ of expanding production of one good, measured by how much of the other good would be lost.
A. absolute advantage
B. opportunity cost
C. relative advantage
D. specialization
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. Which of the following terms of trade between apples and oranges would allow both Alpha and Beta to gain by specialization and exchange?
A. 1 orange for 0.2 apples
B. 2 apples for 3 oranges
C. 3 apples for 3 oranges
D. 1 apple for 3 oranges
__________________ identifies the area where a producer's absolute advantage is relatively greatest, or where the producer's absolute disadvantage in productivity is relatively least.
A. relative advantage
B. opportunity cost
C. productivity advantage
D. comparative advantage
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. If the terms of trade are established as 1 apple for 4 oranges, then:
A. there are no incentives for Beta to engage in international specialization and trade with Alpha.
B. it is in the interest of Beta to grow oranges and trade for apples.
C. it is in the interest of both countries to specialize and trade with one another.
D. there are no incentives for Alpha or Beta to specialize and trade with one another.
The idea behind comparative advantage reflects the possibility that one party:
A. may be able to produce everything relatively more efficiently than another party.
B. may be able to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than another party.
C. may be able to produce something at a lower dollar cost than another party.
D. with an absolute advantage in producing two different goods may export both of those goods to the other party.
Say that Alland can produce 32 units of food per person per year or 16 units of clothing per person per year, but Georgeland can produce 36 units of food per year or 18 units of clothing. Which of the following is true?
A. Georgeland has an absolute but not a comparative advantage in producing clothing.
B. Georgeland has both an absolute and a comparative advantage in producing clothing.
C. Alland has an absolute but not a comparative advantage in producing food.
D. Alland has both an absolute and a comparative advantage in producing food.
The idea behind comparative advantage reflects the possibility that one party:
A. may be able to produce everything relatively more efficiently than another party.
B. may be able to produce something at a lower dollar cost than another party.
C. with an absolute advantage in producing two different may export goods both of those goods to the other party.
D. may be able to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than another party.
Jethro has a(n) ____________________ in all aspects of camping: he is faster at carrying a backpack, gathering firewood, paddling a canoe, setting up tents, making a meal, and washing up.
A. relative advantage
B. opportunity cost
C. absolute advantage
D. comparative advantage
Say that Alland can produce 32 units of food per person per year or 16 units of clothing per person per year, but Georgeland can produce 16 units of food per year or 8 units of clothing. Which of the following is true?
A. Alland has an absolute advantage in producing food and clothing.
B. Georgeland has both a comparative and absolute advantage in producing clothing.
C. Alland has a comparative advantage, but not an absolute advantage, in producing food.
D. Alland has an absolute advantage and comparative advantage in producing food.
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. The opportunity cost of producing 1 orange for Alpha and Beta, respectively, are:
A. 0.25 apples;0.5 apples.
B. 9 apples; 4 apples.
C. 0.5 apples; 0.25 apples.
D. 2 apples; 4 apples
C. 0.5 apples; 0.25 apples.
Which of the following is true?
A. A nation can have a comparative advantage in the production of a good only if it also has an absolute advantage
B. A nation can have a comparative advantage in the production of every good, but not an absolute advantage.
C. A nation cannot have an absolute advantage in the production of every good.
D. A nation cannot have a comparative advantage in the production of every good.
Suppose that the USA can make 15,000,000 cars or 20,000,000 bottles of wine with one year's worth of labor. France can make 10,000,000 cars or 18,000,000 bottles of wine with one year's worth of labor. From these numbers, we can conclude:
A. The USA has a comparative advantage in the production of wine.
B. France has a comparative advantage in the production of cars.
C. The USA has an absolute advantage in the production of cars.
D. France has an absolute advantage in the production of wine.
The opportunity cost of producing a pair of pants in the USA is 5 bushels of wheat, while in China, it is 2 bushels of wheat. As a result:
A. there can be mutual gains from trade to the two countries if the USA exports wheat to China in exchange for pants.
B. The USA has a comparative advantage over China in the production of pants.
C. China has a comparative advantage over the USA in the production of wheat.
D. there can be mutual gains from trade to the two countries if the USA exports pants to China in exchange for wheat.
International trade currently involves about _________________ worth of goods and services thundering around the globe.
A. $200 trillion
B. $20 trillion
C. $2 trillion
D. $200 billion
B. $20 trillion
Alpha can produce either 18 oranges or 9 apples an hour, while Beta can produce either 16 oranges or 4 apples an hour. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Alpha should export to Beta, but Beta should not export to Alpha.
B. Since Alpha has an absolute advantage in both goods, no mutual gains from trade are possible.
C. If Alpha specializes in growing oranges and Beta specializes in growing apples, they could both gain by specialization and trade.
D. If Alpha specializes in growing apples and Beta specializes in growing oranges, they could both gain by specialization and trade.
Say that Alland can produce 32 units of food per person per year or 16 units of clothing per person per year, but Georgeland can produce 24 units of food per year or 12 units of clothing. Which of the following is true?
A. Alland has both a comparative and absolute advantage in producing food.
B. Alland has comparative advantage, but not an absolute advantage, in producing food.
C. Georgeland has both a comparative and absolute disadvantage in producing clothing.
D. Georgeland has an absolute disadvantage, but not a comparative disadvantage, in producing clothing.
Suppose that Canada can produce 100,000 hockey sticks or 10,000 gallons of maple syrup in a typical workweek, while Germany can produce 90,000 hockey sticks or 10,000 gallons of maple syrup in a typical workweek. From these numbers, we can conclude:
A. Canada has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.
B. Germany has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.
C. Canada has an absolute advantage in the production of maple syrup.
D. Germany has an absolute advantage in the production of maple syrup.
A. Canada has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.