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Strict constructionism
A legal interpretation approach that emphasizes sticking to the literal wording of the Constitution and laws, without considering implied meanings or intentions.
Loose constructionism
Judicial interpretation that allows for a flexible interpretation of the Constitution, granting broader powers to the federal government.
Concurring opinion
It is a written explanation by a judge who agrees with the majority decision of a court, but for different reasons. It provides an alternative perspective or legal reasoning to support the outcome.
Dissenting opinion
A written opinion by a judge or justice who disagrees with the majority decision reached by the court. It presents an alternative viewpoint and may outline the reasons for disagreement. It can help shape future legal interpretations and provide a basis for potential challenges to the majority decision.
Majority opinion
The written explanation of the decision reached by the majority of judges in a court case. It sets a precedent and becomes the official ruling of the court.
Petition for certiorari
It is a document filed with a higher court, typically the Supreme Court, requesting the court to review a lower court's decision. It outlines the legal issues and argues why the case should be heard.
Rule of four
It refers to the requirement that at least four Supreme Court justices must agree to hear a case before it can be granted a writ of certiorari and be added to the Court's docket. This rule helps ensure that the Court's agenda is not dominated by the preferences of a small number of justices.
Jurisdiction
The authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Determined by factors such as geographic location, subject matter, and the parties involved.
Original jurisdiction
The authority of a court to hear a case for the first time, rather than on appeal.
Appellate jurisdiction
The authority of a higher court to review and revise decisions made by lower courts.
Concurrent jurisdiction
It refers to a situation where multiple courts have the authority to hear and decide a case. This occurs when both federal and state courts have the power to handle a particular legal matter.
U.S. District Courts
Trial courts of the federal judicial system, with original jurisdiction over federal civil and criminal cases. Divided into 94 districts across the United States, each with at least one district court. Handle a wide range of cases, including violations of federal law, constitutional issues, and disputes between parties from different states.
U.S. District Courts of Appeals
Intermediate federal courts below the Supreme Court
Hear appeals from U.S. District Courts
Review decisions for errors of law, not fact
Decisions can be binding or persuasive
Consist of multiple judges (panels)
Serve as final appellate courts for some cases
13 circuits covering different regions of the country
Decisions can be appealed to the Supreme Court
Life Tenure
Judicial practice where judges serve on the bench for their entire lives, ensuring independence from political pressures and maintaining stability in the legal system.
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