test 6 a n p

gonads are

primary reproductive organs

gametes are

sex cells

what hormone initiating puberty does the hypothalamus release

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

what does gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulate

anterior pituitary gland

what does anterior pituitary gland release

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

what is the single gamete the female releases monthly called

oocyte

gametes have how many individual chromosomes?

23

somatic body cells have how many chromosomes

46

meiosis is solely used to

create sperm and eggs

a haploid has how many chromosomes

23

a diploid has how many chromosomes

46

sister chromatids are

duplicated chromosomes that are joined and identical

homologous chromosomes are

one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, one from egg and sperm, that aren’t joined. they are genetically different

during meiosis, homologous pairs cross over to make ____, called a ____

4 chromosomes total, tetrad

prophase i is where

crossing over occurs

nondisjunction is when what occurs?

trisomies and monosomies, most of which are lethal to embryo

what is an example of a trisomy where the embryo survives

trisomy 21 or down syndrome

what nondisjunction is down syndrome due to

of the oocyte

what do uterine tubes use to move egg toward uterus

cilia and peristalsis

segments of uterine tubes

infundibulum or fimbriae, ampulla, isthmus, uterine part

where does fertilization typically occur

ampulla

uterine wall layers

perimetrium, serous layer; myometrium, muscle layer; endometrium, mucosal layer

layers of endometrium

basal layer and functional layer, the latter of which is shed

the most important risk factor for cervical cancer is

hpv

how does a pap smear work

epithelial cells are cranked off of cervical edge

what is purpose of low ph of vagina

to protect from infection, but also can kill sperm

epithelial cells release what to feed bacteria

glycogen

epithelial cell

the labia majors created what in males

scrotum

the clitoris is made of what kind of tissue

spongy

the glans in the clitoris is covered with

prepuce

lactiferous ducts drain a single

lobe

lactiferous ducts expand to form

lactiferous sinus

breast cancer risk factors

family history, longer reproductive span, obesity, nulliparity, late age at first pregnancy, certain genes

meiosis produces ____ daughter cells

haploid

prostate glands secrete

citric acid, seminalplasmin, PSA

bulbourethral glands secrete

mucin for lubrication

seminal vesicles secrete

fructose, prostaglandins, bicarbonate

what part of the body transports semen to outside of the body

urethra

location of milk storage is

lactiferous sinus

polar bodies are formed in

oogenesis

what happens in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

primary follicles develop into secondary follicles, one follicle becomes a mature follicle

what happens in the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle

the empty follicle becomes a corpus luteum which secretes estradiol and progesterone

what is the proliferation phase

occurs while ovary is in its follicular phase, estradiol stimulates growth of the stratum functionale of the endometrium

what is the secretory phase

occurs while the ovary is in its luteal phase, endometrium becomes thick and more vascularizrd

what is the menstrual phase

sloughing off of the stratum functionale of the endometrium occurs

what hormone is released by developing ovarian follicle

estrogen

what hormone is released by corpus luteum after ovulation

progesterone

what hormone is released from the anterior pituitary gland

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

what hormone is released from hypothalamus

GnRH

what hormone does inhibition inhibit

follicle-stimulating hormone

what hormone causes ovulation of the mature follicle

luteinizing hormone

what hormone causes development of functional layer of uterus

estrogen

what hormone is involved in secretory phase of uterine cycle

progesterone

what is the midline seam of tissue on scrotum

rape

what is smooth muscle that contracts with temperature changes

dartos muscle

sperm requires ___ to survive acidic environment of the vagina

seminal fluid

what occurs prior to meiosis and mitosis

dna replication

haploid sex cells form a ___ offspring

diploid

the ideal temperature is about how much lower than body temperature

2-3 c

puberty is initiated when hypothalamus increases secretion of

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

ovulation

release of secondary one being released from mature follicle, induced by peak in luteinizing hormone secretion

human chorionic gonadotropin

after fertilization and implantation occur, prevent degeneration of corpus luteum to prevent shed of uterine lining

decreasing levels of what hormones lead to sloughing or shedding of endometrial lining (menstruation?)

progesterone and estrogen

if fertilization does not occur the corpus luteum becomes a

corpus albicans

where do sperm cells mature

epididymis

what occurs during anaphase i

separation of homologous chromosomes

separation of sister chromatids occurs during

anaphase ii

a mature follicle has an

antrum

ejaculation is controlled by the ____ division of the ____ nervous system

sympathetic, autonomic

cleavage

process of zygote dividing by mitosis

prolactin is produced by

pituitary gland

progesterone does what

prevents womb from spontaneously aborting fetus by building up lining to support placenta

autosomes

genes that code for cellular functions and human characteristics (hair color, eye color, etc)

homologous chromosomes

pair of matching autosomes

what happens during interphase

DNA is replicated, composed of sister chromatids attached to centromere

primordial follicle

primary oxygen surrounded by single layer of flattened follicle cells, most primitive

primary follicle

forms from maturing primordial follicle, primary oxygen surrounded by single layer of cuboidal follicular cells aka granules cells

what do primary follicles secrete

estrogen

what surrounded primary picture starting from primary follicle phase

zona pellucida

secondary follicle

primary oocyte and many layers of granulosa cells, with thecal cells secreting androgens that convert to estrogen by granulosa cells

antral follicle

fluid filled antrum develops within granulosa cells. oocyte surrounded by follicle cells called cumulus oophorus. primary oocyte is surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiata

ovulation

fluid in antrum fills as ____ nears

mature follicle

contains secondary oocyte, cumulus oophorus, layers of granulosa cells, thecal cells, large antrum

how many mature follicles are made per month

one

corpus luteum

after secondary oocyte is released, this is remnants of follicle in ovary. releases progesterone and estrogen

corpus albicans

corpus luteum undergoes regression, white connective tissue scar. most completely reabsorbed

oogonia

diploid cells containing 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 total

ovarian cancer

primary malignancy in ovaries, 90% being carcinomas developed from epithelium

BRCA1 and BRCA2

what gene mutations can lead to ovarian cancer

oogenesis

maturation of primary oocyte into secondary oocyte

follicular phase

first 13 days, 20 primordial follicles becomes primary follicles due to molecular signals and then fsh and lh. a few primary follicles become secondary follicle, which pushes on primary oocyte to develop secondary oocyte

when is inhibin used

inhibits fsh and lh when they are no longer needed during follicular phase

ovulation

on day 14, peak of LH formation, forces secondary oocyte out of follicle

luteal phase

corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen, stabilizing and building up uterine lining, preparing for implantation. if there is no implantation, uterine lining sloughs off for menstrual cycle

folliculogenesis

when a child reaches puberty, what begins?

folliculogenesis is regulated by

gonadotropin releasing hormone

how can folliculogenesis by divided

preantral stage and antral stage

preantral stage

development of primordial follicle to late secondary follicle. due to molecular signals and not dependent on gonadotropin secretions