urinary system

kidneys

remove nitrogenous wastes created by protein use in the cells (urea, cratinine, uric acid)

renin

enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure

erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone that stimulates the RBC production in bone marrow

calciferol

active form of vitamin D, necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine

what is micturition

urination; voiding

how kidneys produce urine

blood enters through right and left arteries; arterioles cary blood to capillaries of the renal cortex; glomeruli filter blood

glomerulus and bowman capsule

blood passes through glomeruli; capsule surrounds each glomerulus; renal tubule is attached to each bowman capsule

first step in formation of urine

glomerular filtration

glomerular filtration

keeps proteins and blood out of bowman’s capsule

second step in formation of urine

tubular reabsorption

tubular reabsoprtion

body retains water, sugar and salt

third step in formation of urine

tubular secretion

tubular secretion

secretes waste products of metabolism which become toxic to the body if allowed to accumulate

nephron

contains glomerulus and a renal tubule

how many nephrons are in a kidney

1,000,000

arteriole

small artery

bowman capsule

enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus

calyx or calix

cup like collecting region of the renal pelvis

catheter

tube for injecting or removing fluids

cortex

outer region

creatinine

waste product of muscle metabolism

electrolyte

a chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water

erythropoietin (EPO)

a hormone secrete by the kidneys to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow

filtration

passive process whereby some substances pass through a filter or other material

glomerular capsule

encloses glomerulus and collects the material filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus

glomerulus

tiny ball of capillaries in the cortex of kidney

hilum

depression/opening in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

kidney

one of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity

meatus

opening or canal

medulla

inner region of an organ

micturition

urination

nephron

the functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place

nitrogenous waste

substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine

potassium (K+)

an electrolyte important to body processes

reabsorption

renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

renal artery

blood vessels that carries blood to the kidneys

renal pelvis

central collection in the kidney

renal tubule

microscopic tube in the kidney in which urine is formed after filtration

renal vein

blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney toward the heart

renin

an enzymatic hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure

sodium (Na+)

an electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine in the kidneys

trigone

triangular area in the urinary bladder in which ureters enter and the urethra exits

urea

major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine

ureter

tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder

urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

uric acid

a nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine

urinary bladder

hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine

urination

process of expelling urine

voiding

emptying of urine from the urinary bladder; urination or micturition

cystitis

inflammation of the urinary bladder

interstitial nephritis

inflammation of the connective tissue, caused by drugs and treated with corticosteroids

nephrolithiasis

kidney stones

nephrotic syndrome

excessive protein loss in the urine

polycystic kidneys (PKD)

multiple fluid filled sacs within the kidneys. typically way 20 times more than their usual weight

pylonephritis

inflamed renal pelvis and renal medulla

renal failure

failure to excrete wastes and maintain filtration function

renal hypertension

resulting from kidney disease

renal cell carcinoma

malignant tumor of the kidney in adults

wilms tumor

malignant kidney tumor seen in childhood

bladder cancer

more common in men, smoking over 50 years old, individuals exposed to dyes and leather tanning agents

diabetes insipidus (DI)

inadequate secretion or utilization of antidiuretic hormone

diabetes mellitus (DM)

inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

measurement of urea levels in blood; typically, low because of continual excretion.

creatinine clearance test

tests excretory function of the kidney; if too much creatinine in the blood; kidney is not functioning properly

CT urography

x-ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney

KUB

x-ray examination without contrast of kidneys, ureters and bladder

renal angiogram

x-ray examination without contrast of the blood vessels of the kidney

retrograde pyelogram

x-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast in the utreters

VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAM (VCUG)

x-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast in the utreters

ultrasonography

imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves

radioisotope scan

imagine of kidney after injecting a radioisotope (kidney) into the bloodstream

MRI urography

magnetic field used to produce images in all three planes of the body

cystoscopy

direct visual examination of the urinary bladder with a cystoscope

dialysis

process of seperation nitrogenous waste materials from the blood to help control BP and maintain balance of sodium and potassium

hemodialysis

The most common method used to treat advanced and permanent kidney failure, Blood is allowed to flow, a few ounces at a time, through a special filter that removes wastes and extra fluids, and clean blood is then returned to the body

peritoneal dialysis

catheter is used to fill the abdomen with dialysis solution

lithotripsy

a procedure using shock waves to break up stones in the kidney, bladder, or ureter, into tiny pieces to help pass through urine

renal angioplasty

a procedure used to widen the renal arteries to treat renal artery stenosis

renal biopsy

a medical procedure in which a small piece of kidney is removed from the body for microscopic examination which provides information needed to diagnose.

renal transplant

organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with endostage renal disease

urinary catheterization

a urinary catheter is inserted into a patient’s bladder via the urethra

glomerulus

tiny ball of capillaries in the cortex of kidney